To be concerned with, to be interested in, to be guided by, to be encouraged by, to be in charge of, to be filled with, to be prone to, to make use of

Task 11. Translate into English:

1. Для успешного исследования необходимы любознательность и воображение.

2. Процесс интерпретации является частью социологического исследования.

3. Понятия – это абстрактные идеи, представляющие элементы общества.

4. Общество является организованной системой, поэтому социальное взаимодействие шаблонно.

5. Мало кто из людей с готовностью соглашается с тем, что является частью какой-то системы.

6. Для примера можно вспомнить выше участие в мероприятии, которое устраивают малознакомые вам люди.

7. Социальная структура накладывает определенные ограничения на поведение.

8. Неспособность соответствовать установленным моделям может привести к тому, что другие будут воспринимать вас как девианта.

Task 12. Memorize the following words and word-combinations:

anxiety quality

assertion rational

conform recall

constraint resistance

established patterns self-assertive

exert pressure self-conscious

guideline setting

infinite unconventional

interaction unique

make a favorable impression with confidence

UNIT 6. ROLE

A second major component of social interaction is role, which refers to patterns of behavior corresponding to a particular status. Ralph Linton described a role as the dynamic expression of a status. A student has a role that involves patterned interaction with professors and other students, and responding to academic demands made by the college. As Linton explained, while individuals occupy a status, they perform a role. Cultural norms suggest how a person who holds a particular status ought to act, which is often called a role expectation. However, real culture only approximates ideal culture; therefore, actual role performance usually varies from role expectation.

Like status, a role is relational by directing social behavior toward some other person. The role that corresponds to the status of parent, for example, is ideally defined in terms of responsibilities toward a child. Correspondingly, the role of son or daughter is ideally defined in terms of obligations toward a parent. There are countless other examples of roles paired in this way: the behavior of wives and husbands is performed in relation to each other, as is the behavior of physicians and patients, and of professors and students.

Because individuals occupy many statuses at one time – a status set – they perform multiple roles. Yet a person has even more roles than statuses because any one status involves performing several roles in relation to various other people. Robert Merton (1968) introduced the term role set to identify a number of roles attached to a single status.

The several roles that are linked to any particular status are not always easily integrated, so an individual can feel pulled in several directions at once. Role strain is defined as incompatibility among the roles corresponding to a single status. When several roles linked to a single status make competing demands a person may not always be able to live up to social expectations. A parent, for example, may have difficulty with simultaneous responsibilities to discipline a child and to be the child’s trusted confident.

In addition, roles attached to different statuses often demand incompatible patterns of behavior. The concept of role conflict refers to incompatibility among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses. Single parents often experience conflict in their attempt to be both parents and bread winners – each status demands considerable time and energy. Consequently, the individual may find that both roles cannot be fully performed simultaneously.

Task 1. Transcribe the following words and learn their pronunciation:

actual, audience, dialogue, discipline, dramaturgical, dynamic, ideal, identify, observed, occupy, patient, physician, professor, status, theatre

Task 2. Find the definitions of:

1) Role; 2) Role set; 3) Role strain; 4) Role conflict.

Task 3. Answer the following questions:

1. When do the individuals play roles?

2. What is called role expectation?

3. Are role performance and role expectation the same or different notions?

4. Does a person have more roles or statuses?

5. What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?

Task 4. Make up disjunctive questions:

1. A role is described as the dynamic expression of a status.

2. Actual role performance usually varies from role expectation.

3. Individuals occupy many statuses at one time.

4. People perform multiple roles.

5. A person has more roles than statuses.

6. Roles attached to different statuses often demand incompatible patterns of behavior.

Task 5. Summarize the contents of the text in 10 sentences.

Task 6. Identify a number of roles played by:

1) your parents;

2) your close friend;

3) your neighbor;

4) you personally.

Task 7. Translate the text in writing:

Dramaturgical Analysis:

“The Presentation of Self”

Dramaturgical analysis is the analysis of social interaction as if it were a theatrical performance. This approach to the study of social interaction is closely associated the work of Erving Goffman (1922–1980). Goffman agreed that people socially construct reality, but emphasized that in doing so they make use of various elements of social structure. Thus, like a director carefully scrutinizing actors on a stage, Goffman sought to identify social structures that are used over and over again.

Dramaturgical analysis provides a fresh look at two now familiar concepts. A status is very much like a part in a play, and a role can be compared to a script that supplies dialogue and action to each of the characters. Roles are performed in countless settings that are like a stage in a theatre, and are observed by various audiences. The heart of Goffman’s analysis is the process he called the presentation of the self, which means the ways in which individuals, in various settings, attempt to create specific impression in the minds of others. This process is also called impression management, and contains a number of common elements.

Task 8. Answer the questions:

1. What problem does the text deal with?

2. What kind of analysis is dramaturgical analysis?

3. What does “the presentation of self” mean?

4. What is the other name for it?

Task 9. Find in the text English equivalents for:

соответствующий; приближаться; посредством; одновременно; ряд ролей; вести хозяйство; частичный перечень; несовместимость; следовательно; тесно связан; снова и снова; суть анализа

Task 10. Read and translate the following words and their derivatives:

interact – interaction– interacting

correspond – correspondence – corresponding – correspondingly

respond – response – respondent

perform – performance

expect – expectation – expectancy

relate – relation – relational – relative – relatively

introduce – introduction – introductory

incompatible – incompatibility

analyze – analysis – analyst

Task 11. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian taking into account the meanings of: in terms of; by means of

1. The problem must be explained in terms of dialectical materialism.

2. By means of this definition he managed to explicate the issue.

3. They pointed to the drawbacks of his theory by means of a new hypothesis.

4. In terms of his viewpoint the scholar solved his complicated problem.

5. He analyzed the phenomenon of creativity in terms of the new approach.

6. By means of his analysis they made a correct conclusion.

7. In terms of his interpretation the issue was properly examined.

Task 12. Complete the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. Single parents experience role conflict with ….

2. I experienced hardships while ….

3. He experiences true feelings toward ….

4. Recent years experienced great transformations in ….

5. I experience joy when ….

6. They experience troubles in ….

Task 13. Memorize the following words and word-combinations:

at once particular status

closely associated play a role

consequently refer to

considerable relational

correspondingly role conflict

demand (n.,v.) role expectation

identify role performance

incompatibility role strain

in terms of simultaneous

multiple roles status set

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