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  7. Ex.1. Complete these sentences using can, could, may and be able to, or be allowed to in the correct form.
  8. Ex.10. Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
  9. Ex.2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. (All the sentences refer to the present or future).
  10. Ex.3. Familiarize yourself with the following idioms. Consult your dictionary and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Think of situations where you could use them.
  11. Ex.3. Familiarize yourself with the following idioms. Consult your dictionary and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Think of situations where you could use them.
  12. Ex.4. Familiarize yourself with the following idioms. Consult your dictionary and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Think of situations where you could use them.

Conduction is the name normally given to a movement or flow of charges. The charges are usually electrons, but may also be ions when the conduction takes place in gaseous or liquid conductors, in which the ions are mobile.

How does the current flow through a wire? A metal is made up of tiny crystals which are visible under a microscope. A crystal is a regular and orderly arrangement of atoms. As it was explained, an atom is a complex particle in which tiny electrons move around nucleus. When the atoms are tightly packed as they are in a metallic solid, some of the electrons move freely between the atoms. These are called free electrons. Ordinarily, the free electrons move at random through the metal. There must be some driving force to cause the electrons to move through the metal conductor. This driving force tending to produce the motion of electrons through a circuit is called an electromotive force or e. m. f. that moves electric charges from one point in the circuit to another.

When an electromotive force is applied to the ends of a wire the free electrons move in one direction. It is the movement of the free electrons in a conductor that induces an electric current. The greater the number of participating electrons, the greater is the flow of current.

No one has ever seen an electric current. We only know of the existence of a current by its effects. A current can heat a conductor, it can have a chemical action when passing through a solution, or it can produce a magnetic effect. We can measure currents by observing their heating, their chemical, or their magnetic effects.

There are some kinds of current, namely: a direct current (d. c., for short), an alternating current (a. c.) a pulsating current.

Word List:

1. is made up of tiny cristals состоит из мелких кристаллов
2. conduction проводимость
3. flow of charges проходимость заряда
4. wire электропровод
5. a regular and orderly arrangement правильное расположе­ние атомов
6. at random беспороядочно
7. driving forte движущая сила
8. tightly плотно
9. metallic solid металлическая оболочка
10. e. m. f. -electromotive force электродвижущая сила. Э. Д. С.
11. is applied to приложена
12. it is the movement that именно движение
13. the greater... the greater чем больше тем
14. the... the... чем.... тем
15. namely а именно
16. d. c.=direct current постоянный ток
17. for short для краткости
18. a. c.= alternating current переменный ток

Questions:

1. What is conduction?

2. How does the current flow through a wire?

3. What is e. m. f.?

4. What does the abbreviation d. c. (a. c.=) stand for?

5. Has anyone ever seen an electric current?

 

Поставити чотири типи питань (загальне, спеціальне, розділове, альтернативне) до одного й того ж речення.

 

1. A metal is made up of tiny crystals which are visible under a microscope.

2. We can measure currents by observing their heating, their chemical, or their magnetic effects.

 

IW #9 WELDING


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