Read and translate the text in a written form. Projection Welding.— This process is similar to spot welding and consists of joining two pieces of metal

Projection Welding. — This process is similar to spot welding and consists of joining two pieces of metal, one or both of which have mechanically formed projections. The purpose of the projection is to localize the current.

The current and pressures required for this type of welding are heavier than those applied in spot welding. Various sheet metal parts used in automobile and aircraft production are welded by this process.

Electric Arc Welding. — This is a fusion-welding process in which surfaces to be joined are fused by the heat of an electric arc. By bringing the work and the electrode together as conductors, an electric circuit is established; then, by separating the conductors, an electric arc is created in which the electrical energy is converted into heat.

Word List:

projection-welding. – рельєфна зварка

projection – шов

sheet metal parts – деталі з листового заліза

Questions:

1. What is projection welding?

2. What is the purpose of the projection?

3. What does electric arc welding consist of?

4. What way is an electric arc created?

IW #13 MODAL VERBS

Модальные глаголы эквиваленты (Modals)

Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) и их эквиваленты (Equivalents of Моdal Verbs) часто назьшают одним термином Modals.

1. Модальные глаголы имеют следующие значения:

(1) Can/could — возможность, умение (в настоящем и прошедшем времени)

He can speak English. Он может/умеет говорить по-английски.

He could translate the text. Он мог перевести этот текст.

(2) could — просьба (в настоящем времени)

Could I speak to Mr Brown? Можно поговорить с г-ном Брауном?

(3) may — разрешение

May I come in? Можно войти?

(4) should — рекомендация, совет

You should be more attentive. Вы должны быть более внимательны.

(5) must — долг, настоятельная рекомендация

I must go now... Я должен идти...

You must see this film. Вы должны посмотреть этот фильм.

2. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов имеют следующие значения:

(1) to be able (эквивалент саn) — возможность (в прошлом и будущем времени)

I was able to translate the text. Я смог перевести этот текст.

I shall be able to meet him Я смогу встретить его завтра.

(2) to be (эквивалент must) — долженствование (в соответствии с планом, договоренностью)

The interview is to start at 9.00 Интервью должно начаться в 9 час.

(3) to have (эквивалент must) долженствование (в силу необходимости или вынужденности)

I have to work hard. Я должен (вынужден) много работать,

I shall have to work till 6 tomorrow. Завтра я должен (вынужден) буду ра­ботать до 6.

Note:

После модальных глаголов инфинитивы употребляются без частицы to.

I could come. Я мог придти (но не пришел).

I was able to come. Я смог придти (и пришел).

TEST

1. Can/could/be able to. Fill in:

A)can B)could C)can’t

D)couldn’t E)be able to

1. They had fish hooks so they ____ catch fish.

2. The raft is so small we ____ lie down comfortably.

3. Jane has got two books so she ____ read any of them.

4. They didn’t have any shampoo so they ____ wash their hair.

5. When the ship disappeared, Mary cried and cried. She ____ stop crying.

6. They won’t ____ to drive a car until they are eighteen.

7. ____ they hear it before they saw it?

8. When she was a baby, she ____ only cry.

9. You ____ enter the club without a card.

10. You ____ do it even if you tried.

11. He used to ____ speak Italian well.

12. Cheques ____be accepted only with a bank card.

2. Must/may/might. Fill in.

A)must B)may C)might

1. ____ I borrow your ruler?

2. It isn’t certain, but he ____ be a millionaire in two years’ time.

3. That ____ be Charlie. He said he would be here about now.

4. You ____ make a little less noise.

5. Jane ____ still be in her office, but she usually leaves before six.

6. The house repairs _____ cost more than the house is worth.

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