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Talking Business
I
"I should like to speak to Mr. Grey."
"Have you an appointment?"
"No. But here is my card."
II
"Good morning, Mr. Grey. What can 1 do for you?"
"I've got a proposal to make. I think you know our firm."
"Yes, I do, but I've never had the pleasure of doing any business with you."
"Our firm has a great distributing business with branches in several countries. We suggest that you should act as our agents and handle ourbusiness in this country."
"What aboutthe terms of payment and other conditions?"
"We propose to allow you 2.5% (two and a half per cent) commission on all business transacted."
"I think it would suit us, but I've got to consult my partners first."
III
"We wish to inform you, Mr. Brown, that we are ready to give you technical assistance in the construction of the project."
"I am glad to hear it. Let's discuss the terms in detail."
IV
"We've reached agreement on the main points: the cost of equipment, the terms of payment and the terms of delivery."
"Well, let's consider the matter settled."
V
"We have carefully studied your draft contract and we believe the terms could be acceptable. Only we'd like to clear up some points."
"What particular points would you like to clear up?"
"The main point is the price of the equipment. It seems too high. Could you make it lower?"
"My partners and I will look into the matter again and in a couple of days we'll be ready to resume our discussions."
VI
"You have received our claim, haven't you? You are responsible for the delay in commissioning the plant."
"I think I've got to give you some explanation. The matter is that you failed to deliver the right material in time and that delayed us for several days, so we decline your claim."
Vocabulary
| card do business with smb. handle smb.'s business terms of payment (delivery, etc.) commission draft contract (resolution, etc.) claim commission smth. give an explanation to smb. deliver smth. delay smb. (smth.) decline smb.'s claim (an invitation, etc.) | зд. визитная карточка иметь деловые отношения скем-л. вести чьи-л. дела условия оплаты (доставки и т. п.) комиссионное вознаграждение проект контракта (резолюции и т. п.) претензия вводить что-л. в эксплуатацию давать разъяснение кому-л. доставлять что-л. задерживать, мешать кому-л. сделать что-л. вовремя; задерживать, откладывать, заменять что-л. отклонять чью-л. претензию (приглашение т. п.) |
J U S T F O R F U N
I. Read the following utterance. Express your opinion about it.
The secret of economy is to live as cheaply the first few days after pay-day as you lived the last few days before.
II. Read and translate the following jokes. Choose the joke you like most and retell it to your friend.
***
An economical housewife was told that by using a certain stove she would save half the quantity of coal.
“ Oh, that’s very good,” she said, “I’ll have two and save the whole lot.”
***
"Why have you written the word 'bank' in the middle of a sentence with a capital 'B'?" asked the teacher.
"Because my pa said a bank was no good unless it had a large capital."
***
“I will save you $1,000," said an adventurer.
“You mean to give your daughter $10000 as a marriage portion”
"Yes, I do."
"Well, sir, I will take her with $9,000."
Unit 10
| G r a m m a r: 1. Sequence of Tenses 2. Direct and Indirect Speech T e x t s: A. Information Age: For and Against B. Computer System C. A message from the President D. Hard Disk Troubles E. The new way of looking at things: Multi Sync monitors C o n v e r s a t i o n: Let's dream of AI |
Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л
1. Sequence of Tenses
(Согласование времен)
Правило согласования времен заключается в зависимости времени придаточного дополнительного предложения от времени главного. Если сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, в придаточном предложении употребляется любое время, которое требуется по смыслу, например:
| I suppose he is there. I suppose that you were present at the last conference. I suppose that you will be present at the conference. | Я полагаю, что он там. Я полагаю, что вы присутствовали на прошлой конференции. Я полагаю, что вы будете присутствовать на конференции. |
Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в одной из форм прошедшего времени, то сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения должно быть выражено глаголом в одной из форм прошедшего времени.
а) Если глагол придаточного предложения выражает действие (или состояние), одновременное с действием глагола в главном предложении, то глагол придаточного предложения ставится в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.
На русский язык глагол придаточного предложения, передающий одновременность действия, переводится глаголом в настоящем времени:
| Неsaid that heworked much. Неsaid that he wasworking at his design. | Он сказал, что много работает. Он сказал, что работает над своим проектом. |
б) Если глагол придаточного предложения выражает действие, которое предшествовало действию, выраженному глаголом главного предложения, то глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в форме Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous и переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени:
| Не said that hehad finished his design. Неsaid thathe had been working for more than an hour when we arrived. | Он сказал, что (уже) закончил свой проект. Он сказал, что он уже работал более часа, когда мы пришли. |
Примечание.
Если время совершения действия придаточного предложения точно определено (год, число, день, неделя), то глагол в придаточном предложении может стоять и в Past Indefinite, например:
Не said he arrived at 7. Он сказал, что приехал в 7 часов.
в) Если глагол придаточного предложения выражает действие, будущее по отношению к глаголу главного предложения, то он употребляется в одной из форм Future-in-the-Past:
| Неsaid hewould translate the article. Неsaid hewould be translating it till 5 o'clock. Неsaid hewould have translated this text by the end of the lesson. | Он сказал, что переведет статью. Он сказал, что будет переводить ее до 5 часов. Он сказал, что переведет этот текст к концу урока. |
2. Direct and Indirect Speech
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | |
| Неsays, "Weare reading." Hesaid, "Weare reading." I said, "Shewill come at 5." | Hesays (that) theyare reading. Hesaid (that) theywere reading. Isaid (that) shewould come at 5. |
Запомните!
1) При переводе предложения из прямой речи в косвенную, соблюдаются все правила последовательности времен.
2) При переводе прямой речи в косвенную глагол to say, имеющий при себе дополнение с предлогом to, обычно заменяется глаголом to tell, за которым всегда следует беспредложное дополнение:
| Shesaid to me, "I have finished my work." | Shetold me she had finished her work. |
3) Если прямая речь представляет собой общий вопрос, то в косвенной речи дополнительное придаточное предложение имеет прямой порядок слов и вводится союзами whether или if:
| Не asked me,"Do you know English?" She asked him,''Are you busy?" | He asked mewhether (if) 1 knew English. She asked himwhether (if) he was busy. |
4) Если прямая речь представляет собой специальный вопрос, то в косвенной речи дополнительное придаточное предложение имеет прямой порядок слов и присоединяется к главному при помощи вопросительных слов, которые становятся союзными словами:
| Не asked,"Where do you live?" She asked them,"What are you doing?" I asked him,"When will you go there?" | He asked mewhere 1 lived. She asked themwhat they were doing. I asked himwhen he would gothere. |
Примечание.
В дополнительных придаточных предложениях, вводимых союзом when, будущее время не заменяется настоящим, как в придаточных предложениях условия и времени.
5) Если прямая речь представляет собой побудительное предложение, то в косвенной речи глагол, стоявший в повелительном наклонении, употребляется в форме инфинитива, причем приказание обычно выражается глаголами to tell, to order, to offer, а просьба - глаголами to ask, to beg, to implore:
| The teachersaid to us, "Stop writing!" Shesaid to Peter, "Take my book." Hesaid, "Give me this book, please." | The teachertold us to stop writing. Sheoffered Peter to take her book. Heasked me to give him that book. |
Запомните!
Кроме изменения формы глагола, в придаточном предложении при обращении прямой речи в косвенную происходит следующая замена наречий места, времени и указательных местоимений:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | |
| now сейчас here здесь this, these это, этот, эти today сегодня tomorrow завтра yesterday вчера next week / year на следующей неделе / на будущий год last week на прошлой неделе last year в прошлом году | then тогда there там that/those то, тот, те that day в тот день (the) next day, the following day на следующий день the day before, the previous day накануне the next week / year, the following week / year на следующей неделе / в следующем году the previous week за неделю до the year before за год до |
|
E X E R C I S E S
I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the sequence of tenses.
A
1. He said that his friends lived near the railway station. 2. My friend said he had a good dictionary. 3. They knew that the students were organizing a meeting. 4. Our teacher said that the term "engineering" had many Russian equivalents. 5. The teacher was glad that the students were listening to him so attentively. 6. He was told that his friend was a good driver. 7. I thought you spoke Russian. 8. I knew he was a historical person. 9. I thought the seafront was a long way from the hotel. 10. He said the embankment was worth seeing. 11. I wasn't sure the book was worth reading. 12. The speaker said it was a historic discovery. 13. Did you say it was a historical novel? 14. He asked where he could exchange dollars for the local currency. 15. He said the matter was hardly worth troubling about. 16. The buyers found that the goods met all their requirements. 17. They wrote that they required ten more machines.
В
1. I knew that the students had organized a meeting. 2. The students said they had finished all their drawings. 3. He told us that all his drawings had been signed. 4. The teacher wanted to know how many students had joined the English circle. 5. I didn't know Mr Carter had taken over as finance manager. 6. He told us they'd had a very useful exchange of opinions. 7. It was really surprising how the rate of exchange had gone up.
C
1. Everybody knew that the project would require a great effort. 2. They wrote that a new stock exchange would be established in the near future. *З. They said the reconstruction would require more time and money if a few changes weren't made in the project. 4. They wrote they would send another fax after they spoke to the representative of the sellers. 5. He was sure the matter would be settled after we had another discussion. 6. They told us they would let us know their decision as soon as their finance director came back from his holiday. 7. They said they wouldn't be able to give a definite answer till they received a telex from their partner.
 |
*Note:
Согласование времен распространяется и на временное или условное предложение, следующее за дополнительным придаточным.
| Неsaid (that) hewould phone us as soon as he got to London. Shesaid shewould visit us if shehad enoughtime. | Онсказал, чтопозвонит нам, как толькоприедет в Лондон. Онасказала, чтонавестит нас, если у неебудет время. |
II. Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense form.
1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some decision. 2. We didn’t remember that he (to repeat) that speech from memory. 3. He believed that a fine memory (to be) absolutely necessary for that post. 4. He promised that he (to give) a lecture in the near future. 5. We know that you (to come) with excellent recommendations. 6. We agreed that the goods (to be packed) in wooden boxes. 7. The director hoped the film (to be) a success. 8. I wasn’t sure I (to get through – дозвониться) to them at once. 9. She thought we (to wait) for her. 10. He said he always (to remember) his first day at the University. 11. He told me that we (to install) a new computer of the latest model on the following day. 12. I thought I (to achieve) good results if up-to-date techniques were used. 13. He said the purpose of his visit (to be) to talk about cultural exchanges for the next few years. 14. They were told the experiment (to begin) if nothing changed.
III. Translate into English.
1. Я думаю, что это хорошая идея. 2. Я подумал, что это хорошая идея. 3. Мы знаем, что эти культурные связи все еще существуют. 4. Мы знали, что эти культурные связи все еще существуют. 5. Они пишут, что поселились на берегу моря. 6. Они написали, что поселились на берегу моря. 7. Мы знаем, что этот форт все еще существует. 8. Мы знали, что этот форт все еще существует. 9. Он говорит, что строительство потребует много денег? 10. Он сказал, что строительство потребует много денег? 11. Он говорит, что это только предварительное решение. 12. Он сказал, что это только предварительное решение. 13. Он пишет, что у них уже были предварительные обсуждения. 14. Он сказал, что у них уже были предварительные обсуждения. 15. Они пишут, что сравнили результаты и обсудят их в ближайшем будущем. 16. Они написали, что сравнили результаты и обсудят их в ближайшем будущем. 17. Он говорит, что заменит сломанную деталь (part) новой. 18. Он сказал, что заменит сломанную деталь новой. 19. Он надеется, что установит новый мировой рекорд. 20. Он надеялся, что установит новый мировой рекорд. 21. Он был уверен, что они купят эту модель, если цена не будет очень высокой. 22. Он сказал, что мы поговорим об этом, когда он вернется из отпуска.
IV. Give the appropriate forms of the verbs instead of the infinitives.
A
1. We know that you (to come) with excellent recommendations. 2. We are glad to take this young specialist on as he (to have) some experience in lab techniques. 3. I know this professor quite well, as he (to be) my scientific adviser. 4. Before Erik came to the University, it never (to occur) to him to work in the field of nuclear physics. 5. By the time Haviland arrived at the Foxes' Maxwell (to tell) Erik about Haviland's work in England. 6. "When you arrive I (to take) the regular courses of classical physics and quantum mechanics," said Erik. 7. By the end of the next semester he (to take) his Ph. D. 8. Before Erik arrived at the Foxes' apartment, some members of the staff (to discuss) the schedule of work for all the assistants.
В
1. My adviser (to give) me excellent advice and I am going to follow it. 2. Yesterday he (to advise) me to meet the new members of the staff. 3. Last year he (to be) responsible for my undergraduate teaching. 4. By the end of the previous term the students (to master) the necessary lab techniques. 5. To-morrow Professor N. (to give) us a lecture on quantum mechanics. 6. By the time we began to do research we (to master) lab techniques.
V. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
A
1. He has just said, “I want to speak to you”. 2. She said, “I have been very ill, but I am feeling much better”. 3. He said, “She is going abroad next month”. 4. Then she added, “I have been waiting for you since two o’clock”. 5. He promised, “I’ll come as soon as I can”. 6. She tried to explain, “I’m afraid I can’t go there now but I’ll probably be able to go there tomorrow”. 7. He said, “We were just discussing the terms of the agreement when the telephone call interrupted us”. 8. He went on insisting, “The counterparts will agree to our new price if we send them a fax immediately”.
B
1. He said, “The price must include the cost of packing”. 2. Everybody insisted, “You ought to congratulate your uncle on this occasion”. 3. The coach said to me, “You should wait until the weather changes”. 4. They asked me, “Could you take a message?” 5. Then she added, “I would like to take part in the beauty contest”.
Note:
При обращении прямой речи в косвенную глагол в придаточных дополнительных предложениях не изменяется:
а) если глагол главного предложения стоит в одном из настоящих или будущих времен.
We have learned (that) they will come to Moscow soon.
b) если глагол в прямой речи стоит в Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous или является одним из модальных глаголов: must, could, might, should, would.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech | |
| "Wehad finished our work bysix o'clock." "Could you come later?" | They informed their chief (that) they had finished their work by six o'clock. She asked me if Icould come later. |
c) если в прямой речи указывается точное время совершения действия или общеизвестный факт.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech | |
| "I was in England in 1972." The sunrises in the East. | He said hewas in England in 1972. The teacher explained to the children (that) the sunrises in the East. |
VI. Put the following sentences into indirect speech with the introducing verb in the Past Tense. (Vary the introducing verb).
a) He said, told us, stated, declared, etc.
1. I have never been here before. 2. She is sorry he didn’t come yesterday. 3. He will answer the letter when he gets the information. 4. She must go there at once if she still wants to see him. 5. You have been very generous today. 6. I expect to hear some news tomorrow, I’ll tell you if I do.
b) He asked, wanted to know, didn’t know, wondered, etc.
1. Is she invited to the party? 2. Do you know when she will arrive in Moscow? 3. Must we be here by six or can we come a bit later? 4. Does the doctor allow you to smoke? 5. Shall we have our meal now? 6. Where shall we meet tonight? 7. Why are you insisting on it? 8. What exhibition did you visit last week? 9. Who must follow these instructions? 10. How can I fasten the belt? 11. Why did you make up your mind to take part in the conference? 12. Will the new project require a great effort if we change the preliminary schedule?
VII. Practise the following table. Turn the following direct questions into Indirect Speech.
| I’d like to know The teacher asked I can’t imagine The receptionist asked My friend wondered The policeman tried to find out Don’t you know Can you guess Did you find out | - - - - - - - - - - - | Which of you has read “Pygmalion”? Who is the author of the book? What is wrong with our agreement? How do you always manage to remember the dates? Have you anything to ask? Is anything wrong with your car? Why have you exceeded the speed limit? Aren’t you sorry? Who did it depend on? Will Friday suit everybody? Has he changed his mind? |
VIII. Fill in the blanks with prepositions wherever necessary:
He asked - who you were looking …
- what family she came …
- what book (article) the extract was taken …
- what literary trend this poet belonged …
- if our school-mate was going to marry … Helen.
- why I was smiling … her.
- what subjects I took special interest …
- who she had fallen in love…
IX. Practise sentences below using Indirect Speech and translate each sentence into Russian.
A
1. “When must he be back?” I wondered. 2. “How much time is left?” he asked. 3. “Who is the first to speak?” the teacher asked. 4. “How many of you took part in the discussion?” she wanted to know. 5. He asked, “Why can’t a definite answer be given soon?” 6. She tried to find out, “How long will it take you to make preliminary arrangements?” 7. “Which of you would like to join us?” he asked. 8. I was asked, “How far’s the bus stop?” 9. The policeman asked, “What’s the matter?” 10. We asked him, “How did it happen?” 11. The host wondered, “Why are you leaving so soon?”
B
1. The manager asked, “Does the appointed time suit everybody?” 2. She asked me, ”Have you been learning English for five years?” 3. I asked a salesman, “Can you guarantee that the computer will be delivered next week?”
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