He was granted a pension

15. We cannot guarantee the punctual arrival of trains in foggy weather.

16. We don’t own our house, we rent it from Mr. Gay.

17. Is there more democracy in Australia than in Great Britain.

18. Telegraphic communication between Amman and Boghdad has been restored.

19. The BBC is a public corporation.

20. Brazil says its constitution forbids the private ownership of energy assets.

21. Whether the project will be a commercial success is still uncertain.

22. A Romanian judge has asked for a Constitutional Court ruling on the law.

23. A contract is a legal agreement, usually between two companies or between an employer and employee, which involes doing work for a stated sum of money.

24. Try to keep any conflict between you and your ex-partner to a minimum.

25. This college has a good academic reputation.

Ex.6. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Continental systems are sometimes known as codified legal systems.

2. The lawmakers of new nations sometimes wanted to show that the legal rights of their citizens originated in the state, not in local customs, and thus it was the state that was to make law, not the courts.

3. Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe, including the case law traditions of Scotland, but had little impact on English law.

4. Common law is an important part of the legal systems of many countries which have been influenced by English law, such as the USA and India.

5. Various forms of continental law are found in continental Europe and in parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

6. Public international law regulates dealings between different states and it is largely made up of treaties, conventions and international agreements.

7. Most countries have a formal written Constitution describing how laws are to be made and enforced.

8. A constitution is the political and ideological structure within which a system of laws operates.

9. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country.

10. Public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state or between one state and another.

11. The most important categories of crime in England and the USA are felony and misdemeanor.

12. Political changes in Europe and elsewhere have resulted in extensive migrations and mixing of peoples, which favour international crime.

13. The combating of international crime is divided into three distinct activities: the exchange of police information, the identification of wanted individuals, and the arrest of those who are wanted on a warrant issued by the judicial authorities.

14. People go to civil courts to seek remedies – things they are asking the courts to give them.

15. Courts at different times play different roles in bringing about changes to our society.

16. In most countries once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives a certificate proving his right to sell his services.

17. In England, the body regulating the conduct of solicitor is the law Society.

Ex.7 Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the construction «there is/are».

1. In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying, abolishing and applying the law.

2. There are two main reasons for having a variety of courts.

3. In the Middle Ages, there was a commercial transactions throughout Europe.

4. There are cybercrimes that may affect you personally.

5. There are four countries and three distinct jurisdictions in the UK: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

6. There are important differences between the law of tort and the law of contract.

7. There are two main kinds of international law: private and public.

Ex.8 Open the brackets. Choose the correct form of the verb ‘to be’.

1. There (to be) ____ a US attorney in each federal judicial district.

2. There (to be) ____ over 450,000 lawyers in the US and almost 325,000 attorneys in active practice.

3. There (to be) ____ two distinct kinds of lawyers in Britain: barristers and solicitors.

4. There (to be) _____ some peculiarities of the legal profession in England.

5. There (to be) _____ a difference between law and morality?

6. There (to be) _____ four EU institutions involved in European Law.

Ex.9 Translate the sentences. Comment on the use of Simple Tenses.

10. Private law deals with the rights and obligations people have in their relations with one another.

11. Private law determines a person’s legal rights and obligations in many kinds of activities that involve other people.

12. Contract and commercial law deal with the rights and obligations of people who make contracts.

13. A business firm makes contracts both with other firms and with private persons.

14. The country violated the international agreement in 1955.

15. The system of law in Great Britain appeared in the medieval centuries.

16. How long will they be in prison if they are found responsible? (зд. виновный)

17. Inheritance law concerns the transfer of property upon the death of the owner.

18. In some countries, such as Australia and the United States, each state, as well as the federal government, has its own set of criminal laws.

19. By common consent this election will constitute a historic step on the road to democracy.

20. The jury listened the evidence and decided whether the defendant was guilty or innocent.

Ex.10 Translate the following sentences. Mind the Passive Voice.

1. The vast majority of judges in Great Britain, who are unpaid, are called «Magistrates», or «Justice of the Peace».

2. In the USA the appointive system is used in federal courts.

3. Law is administered through a system of courts, in which judges hear disputes between parties.

4. Various forms of continental law are found in continental Europe and in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

5. The law of the US was originally derived from the common law of the UK.

6. In Spain the rules and organization of the profession of lawyers are stated at the «Estatuto General de la Abodaga Espacola».

7. The law in Scotland was influenced by Roman law and is different from the law of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Ex.11 Use the verbs in brackets in the Passive Voice. Choose the correct tense form.

1. Germany’s legal system has been shaped by constitutional law but also _____ by the law of the European Union and by the international law (to influence).

2. A uniform system of private law ______ for the entire German Reich for the first time in the 19^th century (to create).

3. The Court of Appeal in England _______ into a Civil Division and a Criminal Division (to divide).

4. Laws to regulate international relations ___________ over the centuries by customs and treaties (to develop).

5. Generally, the defendant ________ and the punishment ______ by the judge in a few days (to accuse, to pass).

6. Historically, lawyers in most ancient European countries _______ with the title of Doctor (to address).

7. In India, the term «lawyer» often colloquially_______, but the official term is «advocate», as prescribed under the Advocates Act, 1961 (to use).

8. The legal profession ______ in Prussia in 1780 and in France in 1789, though both countries realized that their judicial systems could not function efficiently without lawyers (to abolish).

9. Like their Greek contemporaries, early Roman advocates ________ in rhetoric, not law (to train).

Ex. 12 Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the Modal Verbs.

1. In other countries, like Venezuela, no one may appear before a judge unless represented by a lawyer.

2. In some countries, like Japan, a clerk may fill out court forms and draft simple papers for lay persons who cannot afford or do not need attorneys, and advise them on how to manage and argue their own cases.

3. Even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsel must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court.

4. In virtually all countries, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and other forms of intellectual property must be formally registered with a government agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law.

5. In some countries, jurists or notaries may negotiate or draft contracts.

6. In most common law countries, the use of a lawyer is optional and banks, title companies, or realtors may be used instead.

7. In both Italy and Belgium, trade unions and political parties provide what can be characterized as legal aid services.

Ex.13 Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words which are often used in jurisprudence.

1. In the U.S., an attorney or attorney at law is a lawyer.

2. A will is a document in which you declare what you want to happen to your money or property when you die.

3. The country violated the international agreement.

4. Four people were killed in the explosion but the police have not yet named the victims.

5. A treaty is a formal agreement between countries.

6. Treason is the crime of betraying your country, for example by helping its enemies or by trying to remove its government using insolence.

7. A tort is something that you do or fail to do which harms someone else and for which you can be sued for damages.

8. It was discovered that one group got preferential treatment.

9. The minister says that the newspaper story about him is completely untrue, and that he intends to sue (the person who wrote it).

10. He stated positively that he had never seen the accused man.

11. In Britain, a solicitor is a lawyer who gives legal advice, prepares legal documents and cases, and represents clients in the lower courts of law.

12. In the United States, a solicitor is the chief lawyer in a government or city department.

13. Graham’s achievements helped secure him the job.

14. How long will they be in prison if they are found responsible.

15. We find a way to resolve these problems before it’s too late.

16. The Minister of Education has resigned.

17. The government has just repealed the law segregating public facilities.

18. The officer involved was relieved of his duties because he had violated strict guidelines.

19. He called for the immediate release of all political prisoners.

20. Private industries and services are owned or controlled by an individual person or a commercial company, rather than by the state or an official organization.

21. Probation is a period of time during which a person who has committed a crime has to obey the law and be supervised by a probation officer, rather than being sent to prison.

22. The Council has brought proceedings to stop the store from trading on Sundays.

23. He was promoted to rank of sergeant.

24. The organization has been proscribed by law.

25. I have no doubt that the man is guilty and that he deserves punishment.

26. The process of political change in South Africa has reached the stage where it is irreversible.

27. The reduced consumer demand is also affecting company profits.

28. The maximum penalty in up to 7 years imprisonment or an unlimited fine.

29. Each nation can have its own peculiarities when it comes to doing business.

30. The Estonian parliament has passed a resolution declaring independence.

31. One of the people involved in a legal agreement or dispute can be referred to as a particular party.

32. His nine-month sentence was overturned by Appeal Court judge Lord Justice Watkins.

33. He refused to comment on the outcome of the election.

34. An ordinance is an official rule or order.

35. An offender is a person who has committed a crime.

36. The consumer Protection Act makes it a criminal offence to sell goods that are unsafe.

37. There is no obligation to buy in this shop.

38. A notary or a notary public is a person, usually a lawyer, who has legal authority to witness the signing of documents in order to make them legally valid.

39. She was found guilty of murder.

40. In the United States and other countries where the legal system distinguishes between very serious crimes and less serious ones, a misdemeanour is a less serious crime. The committee is mandated to carry out prison checks.

41. Sixteen years ago Quebec mandated that all immigrants send their children to French schools. The union already has a mandate from its conference to ballot for a strike.

42. How much longer does the independent prosecutor have a mandate to pursue this investigation?

43. A magistrate is an official who acts as a judge in law courts which deal with minor crimes or disputes.

44. The government will not seek to disrupt the legitimate business activities of the defendant.

45. The proposals before the legislature include the creation.

46. The President must account for his government’s reforms.

47. The judge ordered their acquittal.

48. The new law gives authorities a responsibility to provide aid to the disabled.

49. If you amend something that has been written such as a law, or something that is said, you change it in order to improve it or make it more accurate.

50. The trial judge had applied an incorrect principle of law.

51. The judge had no authority to order a second trial.

52. In England and Wales, a barrister is a lawyer who represents clients in the higher courts of law.

53. A legislative body is a group of persons who make laws.

54. Bribery is the act of offering someone money or something valuable on order to persuade them to do something for you.

55. The bill was approved by a large majority of the present.

56. This is the toughest crime bill that Congress has passed in a decade.

57. A case is a crime or mystery that the police are investigating.

58. His claim to own the house is invalid.

59. Malaysia wants to send back refugees classed as economic migrants.

60. A code is a set of rules about how people should behave or about how something must be done.

61. The police have evidence that the killer was a woman.

62. If you codify a set of rules, you define them or present them in a clear and ordered way.

63. The latest draft of the agreement codifies the panel’s decision.

64. By common consent this election constituted a historic step on the road to democracy.

65. The man was known to the police because of previous convictions.

66. A county is a region of Britain, Ireland, or the USA which has its own local government.

67. His lawyers are confident that the judges will declare Mr. Stevens innocent.

68. A defendant is a person who has been accused of breaking the law and is being tried in court.

69. Mr. Black drafted a standard letter to the editors.

70. The authorities have failed to enact a law allowing unrestricted emigration.

71. The enactment of a law is the process in a parliament or other law-making body by which the law is agreed upon and made official.

72. The police said they found the three engaged in criminal practice.

73. The government, the executive and the judiciary are supposed to be separate. Everyone has a right to a fair trial.

74. The trial is concerned only with the determination of guilt according to criminal law.

75. They will consider whether or not he has been guilty of serious professional misconduct.

76. Judges need to be impartial.

77. She was sentenced to seven years imprisonment.

78. The government’s indictment against the three men alleged unlawful trading.

79. An inheritance is money or property which you receive from someone who has died. He was sure that the man was innocent of any crime.

80. A judge is a person in a court of law who decides how the law should be applied, for example how criminals should be punished.

81. Judicial means relating to the legal system and to judgments made in a court of law.

82. The last judicial hanging in Britain was in 1964.

83. The jury convicted Mr. Hampson of all offences.

84. A lawyer is part of the machinery of justice.

85. Under international law, diplomats living in foreign countries are exempt from criminal law.

86. The law was passed on a second vote.

87. Legislation consists of a law or laws passed by a government.

88. Amnesty International is trying to establish whether the police acted lawfully in shooting him.

89. Solicitors undertake legal business for lay clients and represent them in lower courts.

90. If you lease property or something such as a car from someone or if they lease it to you, they allow you to use it in return for regular payments of money.

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