Vocabulary Notes. 1. hazard 1) риск, опасность 2) вид азартной игры в кости 3) шанс; случай, случайность 4) ставка, заклад (в азартных играх)n a chance

1. hazard 1) риск, опасность 2) вид азартной игры в кости 3) шанс; случай, случайность 4) ставка, заклад (в азартных играх)n a chance, risk or danger, as a life full of hazards; the hazards of one's life; at all hazards at all risks; whatever dangers there may be, e.g. You should do it at all hazards, to take hazards to run risks, e.g. He was aware that he was taking hazards but there was no way back.

hazard 1) рисковать, ставить на карту 2) делать ставку 3) отважиться, решиться (предпринять что-л.) vt 1) trust to chance; take the risk of, e.g. Rock-climbers sometimes hazard their lives. 2) offer or venture, as to hazard a re­mark (guess), battle

hazardous опасный, рискованный a risky; dependent on chance, as a hazardous climb. Ant. safe, secure, sheltered укрытый; защищённый.

2. persuade 1) убеждать (в чём-л.); урезонивать; пенять 2) а) склонить (к чему-л.), уговорить (на что-л.) 3) (persuade from, persuade out of) отговорить от (чего-л.) vt I) convince; lead (a person) by argument to believe something or to think in a certain way, as to persuade a person of the truth of a report, e.g. I persuaded убедил myself that all was well. 2) cause (a person) by argument to do something, e.g. His friends could never persuade him to go to a hockey-match: he said the absurdity of the game made him feel too sorry'for the players.

persuaded убеждённый p.p. (predic. only) certain; convinced, e.g. I am almost persuaded of his honesty.

persuasion 1) а) убеждение (процесс) б) убедительный аргумент 2) обоснованность, убедительность 3) убеждённость (в чём-л.) 4) а) система взглядов, убеждений (часто религиозных) б) группа, секта, 5) род, сорт n, e.g. No persuasion on my part could make him do it. He agreed to stay in bed only after much persuasion.

Word Discrimination: to convince а) убеждать, уверять (в чём-л.), доводить до чьего-л. сознания б) убеждать сделать что-л., побуждать, склонять, to persuade.

Both are rendered in Russian as «убеждать». То persuade may be translated into Russian by «склонять, уговаривать»; this shade of meaning does not apply to convince, which will help to distinguish the difference between the two words.

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To convince a person means to satisfy his understanding as to the truth of something by proof, evidence or arguments, e.g. Nothing will convince me that lies and falsehoods can be justified. Adjectives: convinced, convincing, as convinced bachelor; convincing proof, evidence, statement, reason.

To persuade a person is to influence him in some way, either by argument, proof or otherwise. Conviction or the process of convinc­ing leads to belief. Persuasion leads to action. A stubborn person may be convinced of the necessity of doing something, but nothing may be able to persuade him to do it, e.g. You have persuaded убедил me that I must apologize.

To convince a person is to prove the truth to him. To persuade a person is more than that: it implies not only convincing, but also influencing a person to act, to do something on the basis of his conviction.

Persuade may refer to the process itself of arguing with a person whereas convince is never used in this sense, but implies rather the final result of argument. E.g. We were persuading him to give up that dangerous plan, but failed to convince him.

И convince и persuade в русском языке переводятся как «убеждать».Persuade может переводиться на русский язык как «склонять, уговаривать»; этот оттенок смысла не применяется к convince, что поможет выявить разницу между двумя словами.
convince a person – привести его к пониманию, путём доказательств, свидетельств или аргументов, например, Nothing will convince me that lies and falsehoods can be justified.

Persuade a person значит влиять на него в некотором роде, либо с помощью аргументов, доказательств или иным образом. Conviction или process of convinc­ing приводят к вере. Persuasion приводит к действию. Упрямый человек может быть convinced убежден в необходимости что-то сделать, но ничего не может быть в состоянии persuade убедить его сделать это, например, You have persuaded me that I must apologize.

Convince a person – доказать ему правду. Persuade a person – больше, чем это: оно подразумевает не только убеждение, но также оказывает влияние на человека действовать, что-то сделать на основе его убеждений.
Persuade может относиться к самому процессу спора с человеком, в то время как convince никогда не используется в этом смысле, но предполагает конечный результат спора. Например, We were persuading him to give up that dangerous plan, but failed to convince him.

3. scheme замышлять (недоброе); плести интриги, интриговать vt/i plan or form a plan, esp. a secret or dishonest one, e.g. They schemed to overthrow their rivals.

scheme 1) а) план, проект; программа; схема б) интрига, махинация; козни, происки nefarious 2) система, структура, устройство 3) а) рисунок, схема; диаграмма, чертёж б) конспект; набросок; общая картина (чего-л.) n 1) a plan, e.g. The designer acquainted us with the scheme. 2) an arrangement in which each part fits the other parts perfectly, as a colour (furnishing) scheme (i.e. an arrangement cho­sen so that the effect is pleasing) 3) a secret, esp. dishonest, plan, e.g. Their scheme was exposed разоблачена and the criminals were soon put on trial испытание. 4) a carefully arranged statement of a plan, e.g. In the first les­son the teacher gave the students a scheme of work for the year.

4. commit 1) совершать (обычно что-л. дурное 2) (commit to) предавать (суду, земле, огню) 3) направлять (ресурсы) на какие-л. цели 4) помещать, заключать (в сумасшедший дом, в тюрьму) 5) (commit to) вверять, поручать 6) передавать законопроект в парламентскую 7) вводить в дело 8) фиксировать (где-л.) 9) компрометировать, пятнать 10) связывать себя обязательствами, словом 11) (be committed) быть преданным (кому-л. / чему-л.) vt 1) (usu.) to do a bad or foolish act, as to commit a crime, suicide , an error, e.g. He committed a grave error and he was conscious of it. I wonder what made him commit suicide. 2) hand over or give up for safe keeping; entrust; place, as to commit smth. to paper (to writing); to write it down, e.g. If you are very ill, you have to commit yourself to doctors and nurses. The prisoner was commit­ ted for trial испытание (i.e. sent before the judges to be tried). The body was committed to the flames, (i.e. burnt). 3) to speak or act in such a way that one will be compelled to do smth., e.g. He has committed him­self to support his brother's children (i.e. said or done smth. that makes it necessary for him to support them).

5. acute 1) остроконечный, острый 2) острый, сильный 3) сильный, резкий; крайний, критический 4) проницательный; сообразительный 5) пронзительный, высокий (о звуке) 6) острый (о болезни; больных) a 1) (of the mind and the senses) sharp; quick, e.g. Dogs have an acute sense of smell. A man with an acute mind soon knows

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whether a book is valuable or not. 2) severe, sharp and sudden, e.g. A bad tooth may cause acute pain. 3) very strong; deeply felt, e.g. His son's success in the examinations gave him acute pleasure. 4) (of an illness) serious and causing great suffering; coming sharp­ly to a crisis. (Cf. chronic), as acute gastritis 5) sharp, pointed, as an acute angle (one that is less than a right angle)

acutely остро, резко, сильно adv, e.g. He was acutely conscious of her presence, and it made him unusually silent.

6. appeal 1) апеллировать, обращаться, прибегать, взывать (к кому-л.) 2) взывать, просить, умолять, упрашивать (о чём-л.) 3) (appeal to) привлекать, притягивать; влечь, манить, нравиться 4) (against) а) подавать апелляционную жалобу, обжаловать б) жаловаться vi 1) ask someone to decide a question; (esp.) ask some­one to say that one is right; ask earnestly for something, e.g. The prisoner appealed to the judge for mercy. She appealed to me to protect her. 2) move the feelings; interest; attract, e.g. Do these paint­ings appeal to you? (Do you like them?) Bright colours appeal to small children. The sea voyage does not appeal to me.

appealing 1) трогательный, умоляющий 2) обаятельный, привлекательный, притягательный pr. p., a imploring умоляя, e.g. The girl said it with such an appealing smile that Mr. Fowler, to his own surprise, granted the request, though but half a minute before he meant to refuse it.

appeal 1) призыв, обращение, воззвание (к кому-л.) 2) просьба, мольба (о чём-л.) 3) привлекательность, притягательность 4) апелляция; право апелляции n І) an earnest call for help, as to collect signatures to an appeal, e.g. An appeal is being made for help for those who lost their homes in the earthquake. 2) a call to smth. or smb. to make a decision, e.g. So powerful seemed his appeal that the people were deeply moved. 3) interest or attraction , e.g. That sort of music hasn't much appeal for me. (I'm not much attracted by it.) The novel has general appeal, to make an appeal to smb. to attract smb., e.g. This type of romantic hero is sure to make an appeal to feminine hearts.

Word Discrimination: to address обращаться (называя по имени, титулу; используя тот или иной способ обращения), to apply to обращаться с просьбой, (письменным) заявлением, to appeal to, to turn to прибегать к (помощи), обращаться за (помощью, информацией и т. п.), to consult обращатьсяза справкой (к какому-л. документу), to go to обращаться (к чему-л., на кого-л.);.

The Russian word «обращаться» has a number of equivalents in English:

To address, which is a formal word, means to speak to smb., to make a speech, as to address a person, audience, meeting. It is not followed by a preposition, but in the expression "to address oneself to smb." the preposition "to" is used. E.g. It is to you, sir, I address myself. Also: That remark was addressed to his neighbour.

To apply (to smb. for smth.) is more limited in use than to address and is even more formal. We say: to apply to an authority, to apply for work, information, permission, a certificate, etc. E.g. Carrie de­cided to apply to the foreman of the shoe factory for work.

To appeal (to smb. for smth.) to ask earnestly for smth. (usu. for help or moral support), to appeal to someone's feelings.

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To turn (to smb. for smth.) to go to someone for help (less formal and less emotional), e.g. The child turned to its mother for help.

To consult to go for advice or information, as to consult a lawyer, a doctor, a map, a dictionary. E.g. Nobody ever thought of consult­ing him. I must consult the doctor.

To see and to go to may be used in the meaning of "to consult" (coll.), as to see a doctor, a lawyer.

Русское слово «обращаться» имеет ряд эквивалентов на английском языке:
Address является формальным словом, означает говорить с кем-л., выступить с речью, to address a person, audience, meeting. Не используется с предлогом, но в выражении "to address oneself to smb." используется предлог "to". Например, It is to you, sir, I address myself. Also: That remark was addressed to his neighbour.

Apply (to smb. for smth.)более ограничен в использовании, чем address и еще более формальным. Говорим to apply to an authority, to apply for work, information, permission, a certificate. Например, Carrie de­cided to apply to the foreman of the shoe factory for work.
Appeal (to smb. for smth.)просить убедительно чего-л. (обыч. за помощью или моральной поддержкой), чтобы обратиться к чувствам другого человека.
Turn (to smb. for smth.)обращаться за помощью (менее формально и менее эмоционально), например, The child turned to its mother for help.

Consult– обратиться за советом или информацией, как to consult a lawyer, a doctor, a map, a dictionary. Например, Nobody ever thought of consult­ing him. I must consult the doctor.

To see и to go toбыть использовано в значении "проконсультироваться",какto see a doctor, a lawyer.

7. endurance 1) а) выносливость, способность переносить (боль, страдание и т. п.) б) прочность, стойкость; сопротивляемость изнашиванию 2) длительность, продолжительность n ability to endure, e.g. He showed remarkable pow­ers of endurance. There are limits to human endurance.

endure 1) вынести, вытерпеть; выдержать 2) длиться; продолжаться, тянуться 3) терпеть, сносить vt/i 1) bear bravely; remain firm or unmoved; suffer without complaining жалуясь, as to endure suffering (pain, torture, etc.), e.g. If help does not come, they will endure to the end, 2) suffer; bear; put up with (esp. in the negative with 'can, could, be able'), e.g. I can't endure that man. 3) last; continue in existence, as as long as life endures.

enduring 1) выносливый, терпеливый; устойчивый Syn: patient, sturdy 2) длительный, долгий, продолжительный 3) прочный; постоянный, стойкий 4) живучий; бессмертный (о произведении искусства) pr. p., a, as an enduring peace (i.e. one that will last a long time)

8. content 1)удовлетворённость, довольство 2) голос "за" (в Палате лордов) vt satisfy, e.g. There were no roses at the florist's, and we had to content ourselves with big, red carnations. There is no contenting some people (i.e. it's impossible to satisfy them).

contented довольный, удовлетворённый a satisfied, as a contented look (smile, laugh, etc.) content довольный a (predic. only) I) satisfied with what one has or has had; not wishing for any more, e.g. He is content with very little. 2) will­ing, e.g. I am content to remain where I am now.

content удовлетворённость, довольство n the condition of being satisfied; feeling easy in one's mind, as to live in peace and content (i. e. peacefully and happily, with no worry or anxiety); to one's heart's content сколько душе угодно, вволю, всласть, вдосталь as much as one wants, e.g. And now you may enjoy yourself to your heart's content.

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