Conversational theme № 4

I. Read, translate and learn the text

SEA ROUTES

Sea route is the route from one port to another through open parts of the ocean or sea, and also through natural and artificial narrownesses (straits, canals, rivers, lakes). Main factors, which influence on sea routes formation are аs follows: weather, climate, depth and width of canal's fairways, navigational dangers and regions which have restrictions and are prohibited for merchant ships. Sea routes are subdivided into regional, international and coastal. Regional sea routes are formed in the limits of one continent for provision of transport communications. Marine merchant navigation is arran­ged in two basic forms: tramp (irregular) and linear (regular). Tramp navigation is arranged for Cargo delivery on various sea routes from time to time when necessary. There is no strict schedule. Points of loading and unloading are established in accordance with the voyage assignments per each passage. Linear navigation foresees system Organisation of cargo and passenger lines on definite sea route directions between ports of loading and unloading on fixed schedule. In dependence of the Cargo and passenger volume there may be one or several vessels to work. Coastal sea routes lie between the ports of one and the same state and may be realized between the ports of the same sea or be separated by several oceans, for example, between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok.

II. NOTES:

artificial - искусственный

subdivide - подразделять

schedule - расписание

for provision of - для обеспечения

assignment - задание, назначение

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What factors influence on sea route formation?

2. What types of routes do you know?

3. What is the difference between tramp and linear navigation, if there is any?

4. What Shipping Companies do you know?

5. What restrictions and prohibitions for merchant vessels do you know?

Conversational theme № 5

I. Read, translate and learn the text

CANALS

Canals are artificially created sea passages and this is their difference from straits. Canals are designated for reduc­tion of sea routes and decreasing risk and danger of navigation. They are usually built in those places. Where their existence gives maximum efficiency and benefits for navigation, normal rate of passing through Suez canal equals 20 thousand vessels per year as 14 thousand vessels pass through Panama canal. Tech­nical improvements increase their traffic carrying capacity and the depth of the fairway in its turn increases the tonnage of by passing vessels. All this requires certain maritime law regula­tion regime and particular international rules for navigation which have to provide constant traffic of all nations through them.

For instance Corinth and Saimaa canals do not belong to the international water ways therefore they have their own navigation regime. Greek law regulates the passage through Corinth canal. Passage through Saimaa canal is determined by the agreement between Finland and Russia.

Kiel canal connects the Baltic sea and the North sea. It was built in 1896. The passage through this canal is regula­ted by the government of the Federal republic of Germany and foresees innocent passage for merchant vessels of all countries.

II. NOTES:

1.artificially - искусственно

2.designate - предназначать

3.traffic carrying capacity - пропускная способность

4. fairway - фарватер
III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1.Where and why do people excavate passages for ships?

2.What do canals give to people?

3.Who regulates the traffic through canals?

4.How many canals do you know?

5.What is the traffic carrying capacity of the Suez canal?

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