Специальность 080108 «Банковское дело»

1). The English commercial banks have branches in all the major towns and a similar structure and mode of working is common to them all. The owners are the shareholders. At the outset they provide the necessary capital. They are all organized on the joint stock principle and are registered public companies.

2). The Chairman and Board of Directors are elected by the ordinary shareholders at the Annual General Meeting and are responsible for the efficient management of the bank. The Board is concerned with the overall policy of the bank and the major decisions which put that policy into effect.

3). Central Banks control the money supply and fix the minimum interest rate. They also act as lender or last resort to commercial banks with liquidity problems, issue coins and bank notes and supervise the banking system. To ensure the safety of the banking system, central banks impose reserve requirements, obliging commercial banks to deposit a certain amount of money with the central bank at zero interest. Central Banks function as banks for the government and for other banks.

Commercial banks are businesses that trade in money. They receive and hold deposits in current and savings accounts, pay money according to customers' instructions, lend money, and offer investment advice, foreign exchange facilities, and so on.

There are two general reasons for using a bank account. The first is the convenience and safety provided by a current account and the second is that small and perhaps regular surpluses are available to be saved, and a bank provides deposit accounts.

4). A current account is very popular. It pays no interest but it has other advantages. It enables people to keep their money in a safe place, then it allows them to withdraw it at any time and besides it provides them with a cheque-book so that they do not have to carry a lot of cash. To open a current account it is necessary to see the manager. He has to decide whether the applicant is likely to keep the account in credit. A current account holder can only overdraw with the manager's permission. The manager will therefore want to meet the applicant to get the necessary background information. If, after the interview, the manager is satisfied with the applicant he will approve the application, a cheque-book will be given to him/her and a monthly statement will be sent regularly. It is normally expected that a current account will remain in balance and customers who regularly maintain an agreed minimum balance are often given the services of the bank without charge.

5). A deposit account is another popular kind of account. It has advantages over a current account. First of all, it is easier to open than a current account. There is no need to see the manager. A customer only has to fill in a form and then deposit the minimum amount of money required by the bank. The customer is then given a pass book which he must bring to the bank every time he wishes to withdraw or deposit money. The pass book is the customer's record of the account. Secondly, a deposit account earns interest for the customer. The bank invests the money that the customer pays in and, in return, the bank pays the customer interest. Interest is calculated every six month and added to the account. The rate of interest varies from time to time and is publicly advertised in any bank. In comparison with a current account holder, a deposit account holder can not withdraw deposit money at any time, the bank normally requires about seven days' notice. Besides, the customer receives no cheque-book and therefore he can not pay bills so easily.

6). The investment policy is extremely important for a bank. Each bank wants to make as much profit as it can and for this reason it must take the risks of lending money but at the same time its funds belong to its depositors and must be available whenever they wish to make withdrawals. Therefore there are two things that the bank must do. First it must keep a proportion of its assets in the form of cash to meet demands. The second thing that the bank must do is to ensure that the investments it chooses are safe. Much of a bank's investment is in short and medium term government and local government bonds. Bonds are securities issued by companies, governments and financial institutions when they need to borrow money. Bonds usually pay a fixed rate of interest and are repaid at 100% after a fixed period of time, known as their maturity.

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