Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with one of the words from the previous exercise

Exercise 1 Match the words, their definitions and translations.

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with one of the words from the previous exercise.

Project management has evolved from engineering, construction and defense / aerospace industries in the last 50 years and is now found in all industries and organizations. For instance, the top industries now represented by the Project Management Institute’s membership are information and computer technologies, telecommunications, business management and financial services.

Project management is becoming more closely linked, through project 1 __________ management, to the strategic goals of organizations. Senior managers inevitably find themselves running projects as well as doing their day-to-day management role, and the principals and practices of project management are now an important part of every executive’s responsibilities in project-driven industries.

A project manager (PM) has many responsibilities and has to 2 _______priorities and know how to 3___________. This includes the ability to assemble the right team, work out a realistic schedule, estimate the resources needed and manage the project as it progresses. A PM also has to get results when he / she doesn’t have direct authority over team members, know how to handle differing department 4 ____________, and how to combine his /her regular work with additional project management or participation responsibilities.

To ensure affective teamwork, certain conditions are necessary. Team members must understand the project objectives and have clearly defined roles and responsibilities. The project schedule should be achievable. Everyone must be aware of the team rules (e.g. communications channels), and these must be reasonable. The PM must have good leadership, conflict-resolution and team-building skills.

It is generally accepted that there are four project stages: initiation, definition, implementation and completion, although different terms exist to describe each of these stages. When designing a project 5 __________ process, it’s important to set out the project 6 ___________ clearly, to identify and define the number of 7 ______________and sub-phases of the project and to know which of these are sequential and which will be overlapping. Various graphic tools and systems exist to help with project planning, such as flow charts and Gantt charts.

It is then essential to identify the 8 ______________for each phase, i.e. what produce or result will be produced. These deliverables could be documents or physical objects. Key decision points (9 _____________ or events) occur at the start and end of each phase or sub-phase. Depending on how the project is progressing, these decision points may include the need to revise the objectives or scope of the project, to 10_______________, to repeat a phase or to even end the project.

Advances in information technologies and the Internet have had a significant impact on project management in recent years. 11 _______________project management allows project information to be updated 24 hours a day from any location. Companies have been able to build 12 ____________project teams with people located all over the world. It also makes it easier for PMs to react more rapidly to changes such as 13____________, 14 ______________or other risk factors, and makes it easier to spot opportunities for improvements.

When evaluating the success of a project, there are hard 15 ____________which are 16____________, the most frequent being to do with time, cost, resources, safety levels and technical standards. It is less easy to measure soft criteria such as the levels of stakeholder and client satisfaction and the effectiveness of the team.

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