I. Read and translate the text. When computers were first introduced (запроваджені) in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide (забезпечити) instructions that told the

When computers were first introduced (запроваджені) in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide (забезпечити) instructions that told the computer how to use devices (пристрої) such as the printer, how to store(зберігати) information on a disk, as well as how to perform (виконати) several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional (додаткові) program instructions for working with hardware devices were very “complex” and time-consuming (поглинаючий багато часу). Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system (операційна система) was born.

Today, operating systems control and manage (управляти) the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting (надаючи можливість) you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation (скорочення) for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for “Microsoft DOS”. When IBM first released (випускати) the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective (погляд), PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities (можливості) and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decades, DOS has undergone several changes (зазнала деяких змін). Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase (збільшують) the version number.

Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced (поліпшений) version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike (на відміну від) the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage (перевага) of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC’s memory management capabilities.

OS/2 is an operating system created (створена) by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible (сумісна) and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse (одним кліком миші). Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system.

Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled (попередньо встановлений).

UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows (робить можливим) multiple users to access (мати доступ) the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC’s. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously (одночасно) run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.

LINUX is developed under the GNU (проект з вільного розповсюдження програмного забезпечення) General Public License; anyone can copy its source code, modify and redistribute it. It is used on PCs and in appliances and small devices.

Windows 2000 XP and Windows 7 are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows XP and its enhanced version Windows 7 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.

Поиск по сайту: