Inner structure of the Eng W-stock

All Ws in a L form Wgroups & sentences if Wcombinations don’t violate the syntax (+ grammar) of the L

ý A child smiles – a smiles child

ý lift à x clever at mathematics

raise à a question mathematics at clever

The restrictions of Lex V may manifest itselves in the Lex-l M-ings of the polysemantic members of Wgroups

ý heavy food, meals, supper but heavy cheese, sausage

– dif to digest

+ Ws make Wgroups in speech if their semantical structures are compatible (сочетаемы)

ª extralinguistic changes in the life of the speech community

â economic & social structure

as reflected in W M-ings ideas, scientific concepts

way of life &

other spheres of human activities

ý Car ultimately goes back to Latin carrus which meant “a four-wheeled wagon”

Now denotes “a motor-car”, “a railway carriage(USA)”, “”that portion of an airship, or baloon which is intended to carry personnel, cargo or equipment

ª linguistic factors acting within the L system

1. ellipsis ý Starve Old Eng “to die”ànow “to die of hunger”

usu used (ME) sterven of hunger

2.discrimination of synonyms

ý land Old Eng both “solid part of earth’s surface” now mainly the 1^st M

‘the territory of a nation’àcountry

the M is constantly changing. The change of M has

2.results:

(Semantic changes in the denotational component may bring about)

Changes in the denotational M

1. the extention

ý arrive in old Eng was ‘to come by sea’

2. the restriction of M = narrowing

ý hound was ‘a dog of any breed’ à ‘a dog used in the chase’

deer old Eng ‘a beast’ à олень

3. specialisation – the W with the new M comes to be used in the specialized

vocabulary of some limited group within the speech commumity

ý to glide ‘to move gently & smoothly’(restr+spec) à ‘to fly with no engine’(a glider)

desemantisation – some features of hte M are lost

ýawful –dreadful à awfully need smth – ‘awfully’ is only an intensifier

4. generalization – the W with the specialized M passes from the specialized vocabulary into common use

ý camp was a military term ‘the place where troops are lodged in tents’à (ext+gen) ‘temporary quarters’ (of travellers..)

the change in the connotational component may result in

ü deterioration = degradation – the acquisition by the W of some

T pejorative development of M derogatory emotive charge ['pi:dʒ(∂)r∂tiv]

ý boor was ‘a villager, a peasant’ à ‘a clumsy, ill-bred fellow’

idiot ‘uneducated person’ à now a curse W

üamelioration = elevation – T ameliorative [∂'mi:lj∂r∂tiv] development of M – T attitude to T referent is changed – T improvement of T connotational component of M

ý minister ‘a servant, an attendant’ à ‘a civil servant of higher rank’

liberal – in the past ‘with loose morale’ à now ‘open mind’

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