Types of valency

Valency – the conventional mutual expectancy of Ws in all types of Wgroups

irrespective of the degree of structural & semantic cohesion(слияние)[k∂u’hi:Ʒ(∂)n] of their components.

the power of a W to combine with other Ws in speech

í î

Lexicalgrammatical

Grammatical valency – the aptness of a W to appear in certain grammatical (syntactic) patterns/structures

The pattern of a Wgroup – the minimal gr-l context in which Ws are used when brouhgt together to form Wgroups.

The range of gr-l V is delimited by the p of speech the W belongs to.

The gr-l V of each individual W is dependent on the gr-l structure of the L

Though Gr V is predetermined to a large extent by grammar rules

it is still different for each particular W

ý to offer/to suggest

! In dif L-ges correlative (соответствующие) Ws may differ greatly as to their V

ý smile at улыбаться кому-л

enter a room войти в комнату

The differences in Gr-l variants of correlative Ws are usu accounted for by

4. their semantic differences

5. differences in the structure of the L

Lexical valency – the aptness of a W to appear in certain combinations with other lexical units

! Свободной сочетаемости (free collocability) не существует!

Even well & bad are restricted to some extent

There is a certain norm of Lex V for each W & any departure from it is felt as a literary or stylistic device

ý a cigarette ago, to shove a question

Ws habitually used in speech tend to constitute a cliché

ý win a victory, put forward a question

The lex-l V of correlated Ws in dif L-ges is not identical

ý комнатные цветы – pot flowers

Smtimes the volume of semantics of the semantic structure in one L & its correlative in another L don’t coexist

? ý bury the trash – похоронить прах

to accompany 1. аккомпанировать

6. сопровождать кого-л (– в рус нет этого значения)

*Dif M-ings of a W may be described through the possible types of lex-l contexts

ý through the lex-l V of the W

heavy book drinker industry

rain sleep

*Individual M-ings of a polysemantic W may be described through its gr-l valency

ý keen sight keen on sports keen to know

Þ Wgroups may distinguish dif M-ings of a Polysemantic W

31. The principle semantic processes ® change of meaning (M)

It is necessary to discriminate between

1) the causes of semantic change (WHY the W changed its M)

2) the results (WHAT was changed+ !‼ denotational components)&

3) the nature of the process of the change of M (HOW various changes of M were brought about)

1.Causes:

Linguistic restrictions:

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