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Lection 4
1. Consult the glossary of terms and give the definitions of the following words:
1) assimilation is a modification of a consonant under the influence of a neighbouring consonant;
2) borrowings are words and phrases that have been copied from another language;
3) collocability is the tendency or legitimacy of words to occur together in a collocation;
4) doublets are words originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning;
5) international words are words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source;
6) pseudo-international words are some words which have no semantic proximity and which are similar
in form but completely different in meaning.
2. State the origin of the following translation loans (заимствования). Comment on their meaning in connection with their origin. Translate them into Russian.
1) Shock-workers - ударник (работник с очень высокой производительностью труда); the term is derived from the expression "udarny trud" for "superproductive, enthusiastic labour" in the Soviet Union and the other countries from the Soviet Block.
Collective farm - колхоз, коллективное хозяйство; is type of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise, the Soviet Union 1931-1990.
Wonder child - вундеркинд; from German «Wunderkind»; is someone who, at an early age, develops one or more skills at a level far beyond the norm for their age.
Self-criticism - самокритика; it was used in some systems of communism when important communist party members forced to undergo «self-criticism» sessions to understand what mistakes they made
Social work - работа в сфере социальных проблем, from Russian
Rural correspondent - сельский корреспондент (редактор в сельской газете), from Russian
Stellar brothers - звездные братья, космонавты (military terminology) from Russian
Masterpiece - шедевр, образцовое изделие; a loan-translation of Dutch meesterstuk "work by which a craftsman attains the rank of master"
2) Blood and iron policy - политика железа и крови; German: Blut und Eisen is the title of a speech by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories.
Scrap of paper - клочок бумаги
Iron fist - железная хватка; the British Army's 20th Armoured Brigade (The Iron Fist) is an armoured formation currently based in Sennelager, northern Germany, as part of the 1st (UK) Armoured Division.
Concentration camp - концентрационный лагерь; prisons for dissidents and minorities in Nazi Germany from 1934
3. Compare the meaning of the following Russian and English words. Consult the dictionary and give other meanings of these words. Use them in sentences of your own.
| character | 1) характер: He has a cheerful but quiet character. |
| 2) герой, действующее лицо: Everyone recognizes Disney’s cartoon character. | |
| 3) моральное качество: It takes strength of character to admit you are wrong. | |
| idea | 1) идея: She is full of bright and fantastic ideas. |
| 2) общее представление, понятие о чем-либо: We didn’t have the slightest idea of it. | |
| 3) мнение, суждение, взгляд: This is not my idea of a good book. | |
| 4) план, намерение: She had the idea of starting her own business. | |
| act | 1) акт, дело, поступок: He committed an act of folly (глупость). |
| 2) закон, постановление: This act of Parliament has changed an existing law. | |
| 3) сцена, действие напоказ: His anger was real and it wasn’t an act. | |
| 4) акт, действие в опере, драме, номер: I arrived at the theatre late and missed the first act. | |
| agent | 1) агент, представитель, посредник: Our agent in Rio deals with all our Brazilian business. |
| 2) агент, шпион: He was suspected of being a double agent. | |
| 3) действующая сила, фактор, средство: Technological advances are the chief agents of change. | |
| agitator | агитатор: Sometimes political agitators can make people move. |
| magazine | 1) журнал: She’s the editor of a popular women’s magazine. |
| 2) склад боеприпасов, вещевой склад: The magazines are bursting with goods. | |
| imitate | 1) имитировать, подражать: She was a splendid mimic and loved to imitate politicians. |
| 2) фальсифицировать, подделывать: He was sent to prison because of imitating jewels. | |
| object | 1) объект, предмет: I see an object in the distance. |
| 2) цель: Their object is to investigate the matter thoroughly. | |
| realize | 1) реализовывать, выполнять: She finally realized her goal. |
| 2) представлять себе, осознавать: I realized how my words had been distorted (исказить). | |
| conductor | 1) кондуктор |
| 2) гид, проводник: I will make a tour of the city with the Russian conductor. | |
| 3) канал, артерия: Congo is the chief conductor of trade into the centre of Africa. | |
| speculate | 1) спекулировать |
| 2) обдумывать, размышлять: She was speculating about future of her son. | |
| 3) полагать, предполагать: He refused to speculate about what might happen. | |
| illuminate | 1) иллюминировать |
| 2) освещать, озарять: The shop window was illuminated with strings of coloured lights. | |
| 3) разъяснять, проливать свет на что-либо: The scientists try to illuminate the mystery of the creation of the Universe. | |
| immunity | 1) иммунитет |
| 2) неприкосновенность: The State Duma members have a diplomatic immunity. | |
| incident | 1) инцидент: The demonstration passed off without incidents. |
| 2) случай, происшествие, случайность: Roads were sealed (оцеплять) off because of a major incident. | |
| principal | 1) принципиальный |
| 2) главный, основной: His principal reason for making this journey was to visit his family. |
4. Translate the following into Russian. State from what languages the following expressions and shortenings are borrowed:
1) coup d’etat [ku:deɪ'tɑː] - государственный переворот (from French),
kindergarten - детский сад (from German),
tête-a-tête - наедине, тет-а-тет (from French),
Blitzkrieg - молниеносная война (from German),
enfant terrible [ɑː(n)fɑː(n)te'ri:bl(ə)] - несносный ребенок; человек, ставящий в неловкое положение других своей бестактностью (from French),
persona grata [pəsəunə'grɑːtə] - персона грата, приемлемое лицо (from Latin),
beau monde [bəu'mɔnd] - высший свет (from French),
leit-motiv ['laɪtməutif] - главный, ведущий мотив (from German),
bon mot [ˌbɔːŋ'məu] - остроумное выражение (from French),
primadonna - примадонна, самодовольный или высокомерный человек (from Italian),
ottava rima - восьмистишье (from Italian),
Hun - гунн (from Latin, from Old English),
nazi - нацист, фашист (from German),
sputnik - спутник, космический аппарат (from Russian),
ballet - балет (from French),
football (native word);
2) etc. - и так далее (from Latin),
e.g. - например (exempIi gratia - from Latin),
a.m. - до полудня (ante meridiem - from Latin),
p.m. - после полудня (post meridiem - from Latin).
5. State the languages from which the words are borrowed:
uncle [дядя] - from Old French or from Latin,
square [квадрат, площадь] - from Old French or from Latin,
state [строение, положение; государство, страна] - from Latin,
‘comrade [друг, приятель, товарищ] - from Middle French or from Spain or from Latin,
regret [сожалеть] - from French,
cheese [сыр] - from Latin,
rouble [рубль] - from Russian,
maize [кукуруза] - from Cuban Spain,
street [улица] - from Latin,
restrain [сдерживать, ограничивать] - from French,
waltz [вальс] - from German,
boy [мальчик] - from French or from Latin,
sputnik [спутник, космический аппарат] - from Russian,
nation [нация, государство] - from Old French and from Latin,
umbrella [зонтик] - from Latin,
intelligent [сообразительный, смышленый] - from Latin,
child [ребенок] - from German,
criterion [критерий, признак] - from Greek,
‘garage [гараж] - from French.
6. State the origin of the following etymological doublets. Compare their meanings and explain why they are called «etymological doublets».
1.
captain (капитан, старшина): 1.from Old French capitaine "captain, leader," 2.from Late Latin capitaneus "chief," 3.from Latin caput "head"
chieftain (вождь, вожак): 1.from Old French chevetain "captain, chief, leader," 2.from Late Latin capitaneus "commander," 3.from Latin capitis "head";
canal (канал искусств., русло): 1.from French canal, 2.from Latin canalis "water pipe, groove, channel,"
channel (канал, пролив): 1.from Old French chanel "channel, tube, pipe, gutter," 2. from Latin canalis "groove, channel, waterpipe";
cart (повозка, телега): from Old Norwegian kartr
chart (график, таблица): 1.from Old French chartre "charter, letter, document, covenant," 2.from Latin chartula
2.
shirt (рубашка, блуза): from Proto-Germanic *skurtijon "a short garment"
skirt (юбка): from Old Norwegian skyrta "shirt";
shriek (пронзительно кричать, хохотать): from Old Norwegian skrækja "to screech"
screech (визжать, скрипеть): schrichen, possibly of imitative origin (see «shriek»);
shrew (змея, мегера): Old English screawa "shrew-mouse," perhaps from Proto-Germanic *skreu- "to cut"
screw (винт, шуруп): from Middle French escroue "nut, cylindrical socket, screw hole"
3.
goal (задача, цель): 1.from Old English *gal "obstacle, barrier," 2.from Old French gaule "a pole," from Germanic; 3.from a figurative use of Middle English gale "a way, course"
jail (тюрьма): 1.from Old North French gaiole and Old French jaole, both meaning "a cage, prison," 2.from Middle Latin gabiola, 3.from Late Latin caveola "cage, enclosure, stall, coop";
corpse (труп): variant spelling of corps
corps (корпус, организация): 1.from Old French cors "body, person, corpse, life," 2.from Latin corpus "body";
travel (путешествие): from travailen (1300) "to make a journey," originally "to toil, labor"
travail (работа, мука): 1.from Old French travail "suffering or painful effort, trouble", from travailler "to toil, labor," originally "to trouble, torture," 2.from Vulgar Latin *tripaliare "to torture," from *tripalium "instrument of torture," 3.probably from Latin tripalis "having three stakes"
4.
shadow (тень, полумрак): Old English sceadwe, sceaduwe, oblique cases of sceadu
shade (тень, тон): 1.from Proto-Germanic *skadwo, 2.from Proto-Indo-European *skotwa;
off: an emphatic form of Old English of, employed in the adverbial use of that word
of: 1.from Proto-Germanic *af, 2.from Proto-Indo-European *apo- "off, away";
dike (барьер, платина): 1.from Proto-Germanic *dik-, 2.from Proto-Indo-European root *dheigw- "to pierce, fasten"
ditch (канава, канал): Old English dic "ditch, dike," a variant of dike
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