Structural Meaning of the Pattern

The lexical meanings of the bases alone, important as they are, do not make the of the pattern meaning of the compound word. The meaning of the compound is derived not only from the combined lexical meanings of its components, but also from the meaning signaled by the patterns of the order and arrangement of its ICs.

A mere change in the order of bases with the same lexical meanings brings about a drastic change in the lexical meaning of the compound or destroys it altogether. As an illustration let us compare life-boat—'a boat of special construction for saving lives from wrecks of along the coast¹ with boat-life—'life on board the ship; a fruit-market—'market where fruit is sold with market-fruit—fruit designed for selling'; board-school with school-board, etc. Thus the structural or distributional pattern in compound words carries a certain meaning of its own which is largely in-dependent of the actual lexical meaning of their ICs. It follows that the lexical meaning of a compound is derived from the combined lexical meanings of its compo-nents and the structural meaning of its distributional pattern.[139]

The structural meaning of the derivational pattern of compounds may be abstracted and described through the interrelation of its ICs. In analyzing compound adjectives, e.g. duty-bound, wind-driven, mud-stained, we observe that their underlying pattern n+Venconveys the generalized meaning of instrumental or agentive relations which can be interpreted as done by or with the help of something; the lexical meanings of the bases supply the individual action performed and the actual doer of the action or objects with the help of which the action is done— duty-bound may be interpreted as 'bound by duty, wind-driven as driven by wind', mud-stained as stained with mud'.

The derivational patterns in compounds m a y be monosemantic as in the above-given examples, and p o 1 y s e m a n t i c.[140] If we take the pattern n+a- A which underlies such compound adjectives as snow-white, world-wide, air-sick, we shall see that.the pattern has two different meanings which may be interpreted: a) through semantic relations of comparison between the components as in world-wide —wide as the world', snow-white —'as white as snow', etc. and b) through various relations of adverbial type (circumstantial) as in road-weary —'weary of the road', colour-blind —'blind to colours', etc. The structural pattern n+n -» N that underlies compound nouns is also polysemantic and conveys different semantic relations such as relations of purpose, e.g. bookshelf, bed-room, relations of resemblance, e.g. needle-fish, bowler-hat, instrumental or agentive relations, e.g. steamboat, windmill, sunrise, dogbite.

The polysemy of the structure often leads to a certain freedom of interpretation of the semantic relations between the components and consequently to the polysemy of the compound. For example, it is equally

correct to interpret the compound noun toy-man as 'a toy having the shape of a man" or 'a man who makes toys, a toy-maker', the compound clock-tower may likewise be understood as a tower with a clock fitted in or a tower that serves as or is at the same time a clock.

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