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АНГЛИЙСКИХ ГЛАГОЛОВВ СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ, ИМЕЮЩИХ ПРЯМОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ А) без предлога При переводе английских глаголов в страдательном залоге, имеющих прямое дополнение: to affect действовать, воздействовать на; to attend присутствовать на; to follow следовать за; to approach приближаться к; to approximate приближаться к; to influence влиять на; to join присоединяться к и др.. предлог ставится перед словом, которое в английском предложении является подлежащим: Resistance is affected На сопротивление воздействует by temperature. температура. The conference was attended На конференции присутствовало by many scientists. много учёных. The letter was followed За письмом by a telegram. последовала телеграмма. Б) с предлогом В пассивной форме особенно часто употребляются следующие глаголы с послелогами: to account for объяснять, to act on (upon) действовать на, to agree upon. договориться, to deal with иметь дело с, to depend on (upon) полагаться на, to refer to ссылаться на. Перевод таких предложений надо начинать с предлога. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские предложения, обращая внимание на выделхнные слова. 1. The new discovery is being much spoken about. 2. Mendeleyev's periodic table is often referred to. 3. This problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. 4. The metal was acted upon by various acids for experimental purpose. 5. Newton's law of motion can be subjected to criticism. 6. The terms which were insisted on could be accepted. 7. The scientific data obtained by the expedition can be relied upon. 8. The pole of a magnet which points North is referred to as the North Pole of the magnet, the other magnetic pole is the South Pole. 9. The rate of a reaction is influenced by many factors.
10. The accuracy of measurement is not affected by small changes in supply voltage. 11. The electromagnetic telegraph was followed by the invention of telephone. 12. In the Polytechnical museum we were joined by a group of researchers working in the field of cybernetics. 13. This problem must be approached from another point of view. 14. The north-pointing property of magnets is accounted, for by considering the earth itself to be a great magnet. 15. 3. ФУНКЦИИ ГЛАГОЛОВ to be ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ
Обратите внимание на следующее: The aim of our research work Цель нашей исследовательской our experiments. для продолжения наших опытов. Личная форма глагола to be перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола to find не выражает долженствования, а является глаголом-связкой в составном именном сказуемом и переводится на русский язык словами: заключается в том, чтобы; состоит в том, чтобы. Инфинитив может быть частью составного именного сказуемого после подлежащего, выраженного словами: aim, object, task, duty, plan, wish, etc. Ho: We are to find the necessary books in the library. Мы должны найти необходимые книги в библиотеке. Упражнения I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции глагола to have. Образец: Не has a car (смысловой глагол). Не has seen this film (вспомогательный глагол). Не has to go there by air (модальный глагол). У него есть автомобиль (Он имеет). Он видел этот фильм. Ему приходится (он должен) лететь туда. 1. They have many new devices. They have to change old equipment. They have changed old equipment. 2. The engineer has to consider this problem. He has a new electronic microscope in his laboratory. He has examined many samples of this ore. 3. You will have translated this text by 12 o'clock. You will have to go to the library to get this book. You will have many new subjects next term. 4. This method had produced good results by the end of the year. This method had to be introduced at the plant as it had many advantages over the old one. b) 1. Pluto has the most elliptical orbit of any of the planets. 2. We have already seen that the larger molecules in petroleum have the higher melting points. 3. In space, however, there is no air, and astronauts have to take their air with them. 4. The ionosphere has no significant effects on the lower atmosphere. 5. We have some limited knowledge of this problem. 6. The space we have started to explore is vast, almost beyond imagination. 7. Gamma rays have no electric charge. II. Переведите на русский язык следующее предложения, обращая внимание на глагол to be и следующий за ним инфинитив. 1. His task was to translate the article from Russian into English. 2. The object of the experiment is to measure the voltage in the circuit. 3. One way of obtaining hydrogen is to obtain the substance in its pure form. 4. The purpose of this book is to present experimental data of recent research. 5. We are to study the main laws of physics. 6. Glass which is used for lenses is to be almost colourless. 7. In this instrument the current which is to be measured flows between points A and B. 8. New methods are to be described in the next chapter. 9. The method which is to be used in this case is rather complicated.
10. Our purpose is to determine the effect of X-rays on the substance under test. 11. Close contact of the substances that are to react is always necessary. 12. At this point the material under examination is to be heated. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ Основные модальные глаголы can (could), may (might), must, should. Они не обозначают действие, а выражают лишь отношение к нему, т.е. возможность, вероятность или необходимость совершения действия. Само действие выражается инфинитивом или перфектным инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to. Модальные глаголы называются также недостаточными (Defective) и имеют следующие особенности: 1. Они не имеют неличных форм (причастия, герундия, инфинитива). 2. Глаголы can (could), may (might) имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени, глагол must — только форму настоящего времени. Недостающие формы прошедшего и будущего времени восполняются эквивалентами модальных глаголов: can — to be able to, may — to be allowed to, to be permitted to, must — to have to, to be to. 3. He изменяются по лицам (в 3-м лице нет окончания-s). 4. Вопросительную и отрицательную формы образуют без вспомогательного глагола to do. Модальный глагол CAN (could) мочь, уметь выражает: 1. Возможность, умение. She can do it. Она может (умеет) это делать. 2. Предположение с Perfect Infinitive в утвердительном She can have done it. Она, возможно, это сделала. 3. Сомнение с Infinitive или Perfect Infinitive в вопроситель Can she do Неуэюели она это делает (have done) it? (сделала)? She can't do He моэюет быть, (have done) it. что она это делает (сделала). Заместитель модального глагола can — to be able to быть в состоянии. She will be able to do it. Она моэюет это сделать. Модальный глагол MAY (might) можно выражает: 1. Просьбу (в вопросительных предложениях), разрешение (в May I come in? Можно войти? You may take the book. Вы можете взять эту книгу.. 2. Предположение, возможность с Infinitive или Perfect She may do Она, возмоэюно, (have done) it. делает (сделала) это. Заместители глагола may — to be allowed to, to be permitted to — иметь разрешение. He is permitted to go there. Ему можно туда пойти. Модальный глагол MUST (должен) выражает: 1. Долг, необходимость. She must do it. Она должна это сделать. 2. Предположение с Infinitive или Perfect Infinitive и пере She must do Она, долж:но быть, (have done) it. это делает (сделала). Заместители модального глагола must: to have to — должен, приходится (в силу обстоятельств), to be to — должен, предстоит (в силу плана). She has to do it. Она долэюна эт,о сделать. Ей приходится это делать. Ей предстоит это сделать. Should в самостоятельном предложении употребляется для выражения морального долга или совета, относящегося к настоящему или будущему времени. You should help them.. Вы должны (Вам следует) помочь им. Should с перфектным инфинитивом выражает действие, которое должно было произойти в прошлом, но не произошло. You should have Во.м, следовало помочь ему. Helped him. Упражнения I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модаль 1. The equipment can be used in any climate. 2. The voltage has to be very high if the wires are not thick. 3. The cable is to be used to test electric transmission line. 4. The electric field may be thought of as consisting of a number of lines of force. 5. A number of TV stations are to be linked up into a network. 6. Nowadays one is able to connect power stations into power grids. 7. One should always take safety precautions. 8. Deserts could be turned into gardens by solar energy. 9. The currents should be as small as possible not to melt the wires. II. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and 12. The device is faulty; you cannot rely on the data. 13. The department is to be equipped with modern devices. 14. One should never touch an aluminium cable — the high voltage will drive a heavy current the through the body. 15. One may choose among a great many insulating materials. II. 1. In order to reduce the number of stages of a preamplifier, the gain of each stage must be small. 2. The source of an input signal may be connected both in parallel and in tandem in the circuit. 3. Engineers should consider a great number of circuits with different stages of amplification before they start their work. 4. To amplify without any distortion, a special tube must be used. 5. The radio-frequency amplifier used in a broadcast receiver may differ from that used in a receiver serving other purposes. 6. In order to provide small non-linear distortions one may use only part of the load line. 7. An amplifier that is linear ought to have phase delays proportional to their frequencies. 8. Amplifiers can be classified according to whether they amplify a narrow or wide band of frequencies. 9. If more amplification is needed, amplifiers can be connected in tandem. 10. The effect of amplification can be achieved due to an additional source of energy. III. 1. In amplifying any electrical signal a faithful reproduction of the wave form has to be carried out, otherwise distortion will result. 2. All amplifiers are able to be classified according to the character of amplified signals. 3. Audio amplifiers have to amplify electrical a. c. signals. 4. In the nearest future our laboratory will have to start working at the design of a new power amplifier. 5. The main purpose of voltage amplifiers is to supply a considerable amount of poAver. 6. A small change in the signal is able to produce a large change in the plate current because of the amplifying action of the tube. 7. When the input signal is delayed without distortion, the phase delay has to be 90°. 8. When there appears a necessity to amplify electric signals different types of amplifiers are to be used. 9. In an amplifier, two terminals have to be used at the same time. designed at the laboratory. 5. МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ СЛОВ one и that I. 1. One — числительное один: There is only one book on my table. На моём столе только одна книга. 2. One — безличное местоимение — не переводится: One often makes mistakes in English when one does not know grammar. Часто делают ошибки, когда не знают грамматики. One must know this rule. Нужно знать это правило. 3. One, ones — местоимение — заменитель существительного: И. 1. That (those) —указательное местоимение тот, та, то, Give me that dictionary please. Дайте мне, пожалуйста, тот словарь. 2. That — союз что: I think that they will arrive tomorrow. Я думаю, что они приедут завтра. 3. That —союз который (-ая, -ое,- ые): The book that you gave me is very interesting. Книга, которую Вы, мне дали, очень интересная. 4. That — союз то, что: That he helped us is quite natural. To, что он помог нам — вполне естественно. 5. That (of), those (of) — местоимение — заменитель существительного: Compare your result of experimental work with that given in the text-book. Сравните ваш результат эксперимента с результатом, данным в учебнике. Упражнения I. Переведите предложения., обращая внимание на многознач А 1. One must work hard on order to know a foreign language well. 2. Moscow in one of the biggest cities in the world. 3. I have no English-Russian dictionary, I must buy one. 4. How many books did you read about education system in the USA? - I read only one. 5. One should never forget one's promise. 6. There are many places of interest in Washington. Which of them is the most interesting one? 7. Washington is not one of the largest cities in the United States. 8. In Washington there are classical structures of white marble; one is dedicated to the memory of Thomas Jefferson, the other is dedicated to the memory of Abraham Lincoln. 9. In one hundred and fifty years Washington was developed into a city with wide avenues, numerous parks and stately monuments. 10. Last summer I read some English books and my friend read some French ones. II. One of the most important problems of today is that of 1. One of these problems has been solved with the help of a computer. 2. One can easily solve a difficult problem using a computer. 3. You may choose either this article or that one. 4. One must know that the light year is the distance that the light will travel during one year. 5. One should take into consideration all the notes given below. II. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов that, those. 1. This is the only method that will lead to a successful result in our laboratory work. 2. It is clear that these diagrams are like those shown in figure 5. 3. That the two lines are not equal can be easily seen. 4. that method of work is rather effective. 5. The abbreviation of Latin words id est "i.e." means "that is". 6. The requirement is that the students are to know the main laws of physics. 7. There is a great number of substances that are neither conductors nor good insulators. 8. 6. ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК 9. СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ, 10.СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ДВОЙНОЙ СОЮЗ the... the 11.При переводе английских сравнительных предложений, содержащих двойной союз the... the в сочетании с прилагательным или наречием в сравнительной степени, используются русские союзы чем... тем. 12. The sooner the better. Чем скорее, тем лучше. 13. The more English books Чем больше английских 14. you read, книг вы читаете, 15. the richer becomes тем богаче становится 16. ■ 17. your English vocabulary. ваш словарный запас. 18.Обзорное упражнение 19. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод пред-ложений, содержащих двойной союз the... the 1. The more, scientists work in exploring the Universe, the better are the results. 2. The colder the atmosphere, the louder the echoes. 3. The shorter the gap between laboratories and practice, the higher the benefits of scientific work. 4. The higher the temperature of the liquid, the greater number oi molecules escape from the liquid. 5. Generally the higher the voltage employed in a circuit, the more necessary the use of better insulators. 6. The smaller the current used through the circuit, the poorer the conductor may be. В 1. The higher the voltage applied across the tube, the faster the electrons travel, and the more penetrative are the resulting X-rays. 2. The thicker the wire, the more electrons are able to pass through a certain cross section of the wire per second, and so the smaller the resistance. 3. The Sun consists mainly of hydrogen gas. The more deeply the gases are located within the Sun, the hotter they are. С 7. The more powerful these rays, the more penetrative they are, and the more damage they can do to living organisms. 8. The longer the half-life of an element, the more stable is its nucleus. 9. The heavier the bodies are, and the closer together, the stronger will be the force of gravity. 10.The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the more energy it must possess. 11.The longer the wire, the greater the resistance, because more energy will be lost in the scattering of the electrons.
7. ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК ЭМФАТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ it is (was)... that (who) Эмфатическое сочетание it is (was)... that (which, who, when) служит для выделения любого члена предложения, кроме сказуемого. Выделяемый член предложения находится между элементами этой конструкции. В переводе для выделения используются усилительные слова типа именно, только и т.п.: 1. It is radiation given in the disintegration of these elements Именно излучение, возникающее при распаде этих элементов вызывает ионизацию газа. 2. It was yesierdo.y when we obtained the desired results. Разновидностью эмфатического сочетания it is (was)... that (which, who) является it was not until... that (when, where). В этом случае перед выделяемым словом при переводе ставятся слова только, только в, только после, только тогда, когда: it was not until the 17th century that man began to understand pressure. Только в XVII веке человек начал осознавать, что такое давление. Сказуемое в эмфатической конструкции может выделяться посредством глагола to do (do, does, did), который переводится словами действительно, фактически, на самом деле, всё же; It is believed that the atmosphere of Mars does offer protection from harmful radiation. Полазают, что атмосфера Марса действительно предохраняет от опасной радиации. Упражнения I. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские предложения., обращая внимание на эмфатическую конструкцию it is... that и её варианты. А 1. It is television that seemed the most fantastic idea of all the secret human desires. 2. It is with the help of satellites that it is possible televising programmes directly to huge territories. 3. It is with the intervision and European international systems that our television was later linked up. 4. It was only in 1953 that the research workers of the Radio Corporation of America were able to demonstrate a system for recording colour and black-v/hite television programmes. 5. It is the work on the improvement of space television that is of great interest now. 6. It was B. Rosing of St. Petersburg Technological Institute who was the first to think of using Braun's tube for the reception of images. 7. It is with the help of television that we watch a sports telecast from different countries or even a telecast from outer space. 8. It is a cathode-ray tube which is the heart of the TV receiver. 9. It is photoelectric properties of transistors that are widely used in TV sets. 10. It is in TV receivers that the magnetic deflection scheme finds the main application. В 1. It was not until.1970 that the construction of the world's biggest television centre, the Moscow centre, housed in the 533-meter high Ostankino television tower was completed. 2. It was not until 1907 that B. Rosing suggested a system of remote electrical vision. 3. It was not about 1961 that the video-telephone was put into operation tor the first time between Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev and immediately became popular. 4. Although it was known for a long time that light is a form of energy, it was not until Maxwell discovered its electromagnetic character that most of its behaviour was satisfactorily explained. 5. It was not until after the 20th century that this great invention was used in a large scale. 6. It was not until Roentgen discovered X-rays that scientists began to take interest in this subject. 7. It was not until Faraday did his experiments that the close relationship between electricity and magnetism was demonstrated. 8. It was not until 1962 that space television was developed. A. Переведите предложения. B. Измените предложения по модели. Model: It was Becquerel who discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. Quite so, Becquerel was the first to discover the phenomenon of radioactivity. 1. It was Bohr who used a structural model of the atom in his research. 2. It was Maxwell who created the electromagnetic theory. 3. It was Hertz who verified the theory of electromagnetic waves. 4. It was Hertz who detected the electric waves in space. 5. It was Faraday who introduced the field concept to physics. 6. It was Cavendish who did his investigations in this field. 7. It was this scientist who made an attempt to stud)'- the phenomenon in detail. 8. 8. НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА 8.1. Инфинитив 9. Инфинитив - неличная форма глагола, обладающая признаками и глагола, и существительного. 10.Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to. Частица to иногда употребляется в конце предложения без глагола, если этот глагол был упомянут ранее. Такое употребление встречается после глаголов и глагольных словосочетаний, выражающих намерение, желание, попытку т.п., например: want, try, mean, be going, would like, would love, refuse.
15. Вы присоединитесь к нам? 16. С удовольствием бы, 17. но я не могу. 18. Он говорит, что не смог 19. перевести статью, но я знаю, 20. что он даже и не пытался. 21.Частица to не употребляется после большинства модальных глаголов. 22. Формы инфинитива 23.
Он не любит задавать вопросов. Он не любит, когда ему задают вопросы. Я рад, что пригласил их. Я рад, что меня пригласили. Поиск по сайту: |
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