Функции инфинитива в предложении

Инфинитив может выступать в предложении как: 1. Подлежащее

То learn everything by heart Невозможно всё

is impossible. выучить наизусть.

It is impossible

to learn everything by heart.

What to answer him Нужно всё обдумать,

must be thought over. что ему ответить.

Дополнение

Tell me how to do it. I don't know whether to answer him or not.

Определение

The letters to be posted are

on the table

4. Обстоятельство (главным образом цели и следствия).

Не came round to ask Он пришёл справиться

about her health. о её здоровье.

Не is too young Он слишком молод,

to understand it. чтобы понять это.

То know English well Для того чтобы знать

you have to work hard. английский хорошо,

Вы должны усердно работать.

She is clever enough Она достаточно умна,

not to mention it. чтобы не упоминать об этом.

5. Часть сказуемого

а) В качестве именной части после связочного глагола.

То hesitate is to lose. Колебаться —

значит проиграть.

The problem, is how to do it. Проблема заключается в том,

как сделать это.

б) После глаголов, обозначающих начало или протекание дей­
ствия: start, begin, continue.

Не began to learn Danish. Он начал учить датский язык.

в) В сочетании с модальными глаголами и их лексическими эквивалентами: be sure, be certain, likely, be unlikely.

to raise the question. поднимет этот вопрос.

He is unlikely to refuse. Вряд ли он откажется.

Упражнения

I. Найдите сказуемое и по месту инфинитива относительно сказуемого и определите его функцию. Предложения переве­дите.

Образец:

То cross the river Было опасно переправляться

in such weather через реку в такую погоду.

was dangerous.

То cross the river Чтобы переправиться

in such weather через реку в такую погоду,

one must know the current. нужно знать течение.

1. То take his first steps into the atmosphere, man used hot-air
balloons.

To take the first steps into the atmosphere was extremely difficult to the man.

2. To gain control over nature means to know its laws. To gain control over nature, man needs plrysical energy.

3. To measure the vast distances of stars, we use a special unit. This unit is a light year.

To measure the vast distances of stars requires skill and knowledge on the part of the astronomers.

4. To take hydrogen we put zinc into the flask (колба) and add
sulfuric acid (серная кислота).

To make hydrogen at our laboratory was not a difficult task.

5. To make television suitable for everyday use required much detailed
development of electronic technique.

To make television suitable for everyday use, the scientists and engineers had to work much to develop new electronic technique.

П. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитив в соче­тании с модальными глаголами.

1. In order to maintain an electric current, a steady electric field has to be provided.

2. In order to solve problems dealing with heat energy, scientists had to be able to measure heat and its effects on various substances.

3. Several thousand years ago man discovered that metals can be separated from their ores by means of heating.

4. It should be noted, however that these plastics cannot be used at such temperatures.

5. First of.all the ores have to be found and recognized; then they must be made to give up the hidden metal.

6. Before passenger planes can fly in the smooth (однородный) air of the stratosphere, the cabins have to be pressurized.

This must be done so that passengers can obtain the oxygen they

need.

To pressurize airplane cabins in the stratosphere, air from the

outside can be pumped into the cabin.

7. In order to be useful, heat energy must be transferred from the device in which it is generated to the place where it is to be used.

8. In the future, titanium and its alloys may largely replace steels for jobs where it is important to save weight.

III. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие инфи­нитив в функции определения.

Образец:

The problem to be solved Задача, которую нужно решить,

is of great importance имеет большое значение

to our industry. для нашей промышленности.

1. Gold was one of the first metals to be found by man.

2. There are a great, many things to be said about the Sun.

3. The only way to reach great altitudes (высота) is to use rocket power.

4. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element to be found in the world.

5. The first oil engine to reach any success was that designed in 1908.

6. The plastics to be produced in our laboratory will replace iron and its alloys.

IV. Переведите на русский я.зык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. То cause heat to flow from a lower to a higher temperature it is necessary to perform some external work.

2. To explain this law of mechanics one should know the theory well.

3. We are to analyze the influence of the magnetic effect on motor operation carefully.

4. The use of mercury in thermometers appears to have been first mentioned in the middle of the XYIIth century.

5. Artificial magnets may be made by placing a piece of iron or steel to be magnetized into a coil, along which electricity is to be passed.

6. The charge in the nucleus was found to be proportional to the atomic weight of each element.

7. To know the melting point of the metal to be experimented with is necessary.

8. For the atom to be electrically neutral, the number of protons must be equal to that of electrons.

9. Another type of thermometer should be used to make the comparison of temperatures more accurate.

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