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FSP – founded in the 20 c. 1939 – Mathesius article “About the so called actual division of the sentence” => the sentence with its grammatical parts maybe divided in 2 component parts according to the role in the communication process => actual division.

Important: the perspective (force) of the sentence in the act of communication in accord with a contextually relevant communicative purpose.

Mathesius: 1 part – the basis; 2 part – the nucleas. In Russia (Raskopov): основа высказывания и продуцированная часть высказывания. Later: the theme and the rheme.

Jan Firbas: communicative dynamism. He introduced one more part – transition. (My friend is a teacher). The theme – the lowest degree of CD; the rheme – the highest degree; transition – higher than the theme but lower than the rheme. => the question about the theme and the rheme proper.

FSP => the syntactic level isn’t the highest.

Trnka: 2 separate levels with their own ling. Units. 1 – syntactic (sentence), 2 – suprasyntactic (the utterance). Sentence – arrangement of naming means to create a situational event. Diverse syntactic relations: the doer – the action; action – object; action – circumstances or property. => semantic structure => enter the models of higher rank.

Utterance – function (to catty the amount of new information in the act of…) and structure (the elements of the sentence are distributed between the theme and the rheme)

1 sentence – 2 clashing utterances (The girl entered the room (the rheme) VS A girl (the rheme)…) and visa versa (We are ruled by foreigners (rheme) VS Foreigners rule us).

Prof VArdul – the potential syntactic level (sentence) and the actual (statement => too many other uses => equals the sentence => utterance is better).

Panfilov-Raskopov: The structural (R) or syntactic level and the Logical-grammatical (P) or communicative-syntactic = > sentence on both. (1 – organized formally; 2 – communicative org. – theme and rheme).

Trnka – more consistent.

Russia (Ilyish, Barhudarov): 1 level, unit – sentence => capable to have transformation forms on both: 1 – formal syntactic org. 2 FSP org.

Bloch – FSP – main means of predicativity

Formal manifestation depends on the language => English + a variety of means.

Bolinger: 2 unequal groups: 1^st instance sentences (can begin a discourse, each developing the idea of the previous. The majority) and 2^nd (when smth may be misunderstood by the listener. Have one heavily contrasted word and imitate the structure) => speak about them separately.

1^st – if tnot restricted => word order is the main. In oral speech is always connected with intonation (usually from the theme to the rheme). Word order may be restricted by the context (situational, verbal) => semantic contextual means => words that influence CD (PERSONAL PRON: She is very keen on tennis (it); DETERMINERS: non-generic definite and indefinite articles + some pron.; demonstrative pron; indefinite, negative). Definite determ => weaken the position of the noun. Indefinite => strengthen. (He loved a girl (the girl\her)) Intensifiers (only, even, not) => strengthen (Even George worked hard). Construction “It is / was that /who + clause” => every element may become the rheme. (Mary sprained her ankle on the walk).

2^nd intonation (contrastive stress). The contrasted word – the rheme. Even semi-axiliary words can be turned into the rheme. (Mary is a true friend).

New wave of interest => new problems. Construction and heavy stress – identical or different. => do havemuch in common, but different because^ sentences with construction don’t imitate the sentences they’re contrasted with. The construction can’t turn an attribute into a rheme. Scales are different.

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