В КАЧЕСТВЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЯ

(The division of the sentence into notional parts can be just so called — the "nominative division" (its existing names are the "grammatical division" and the "syntactic division"), called also the "functional sentence perspective".

Alongside of the nominative division of the sentence, the idea of the so-called "actual division" of the sentence has been put forward in theoretical linguistics)

Actual Division of the Sentence characterizes the division of the sentence into parts from the point of view of the semantic contribution they make to the total information conveyed by the sentence.

The main components:

The theme - expresses the starting point of the communication, i.e.denotes an object about which something is reported

The rheme - the central informative part of the communication

The theme and rheme are determined contextually.

Example: Mary is fond of poetry.

Here the theme is expressed by the subject, and the rheme, by the predicate. This kind of actual division is "direct" (if we approach it as a stylistically neutral construction).

The theme of the actual division of the sentence may or may not coincide with the subject of the sentence. The rheme of the actual division, in its turn, may or may not coincide with the predicate of the sentence — either with the whole predicate group or its part, such as the predicative, the object, the adverbial.

Example: Max bounded forward. Again Charlie is being too clever! Her advice can't be of any help to us.

In the first of the above sentences the rheme coincides with the whole predicate group. In the second sentence the adverbial introducer again can be characterised as a transitional element, i.e. an element informationally intermediary between the theme and the rheme, the latter being expressed by the rest of the predicate group, The main part of the rheme — the "peak" of informative perspective —- is rendered in this sentence by the intensified predicative too clever. In the third sentence the addressee object to us is more or less transitional, while the informative peak, as in the previous example, is expressed by the predicative of any help.

Example: Through the open window came the purr of an approaching motor car. Who is coming late but John! There is a difference of opinion between the parties.

Here the correlation between the nominative and actual divisions is the reverse: the theme is expressed by the predicate or its part, while the rheme is rendered by the subject.

The ADS takes into account the objective word order. But there is another Subjective word order that is used to intensify the sentence member or a separate word from the communicative point of view. *Popov invented radio (radio – главное слово). *Radio was invented by Popov (radio – главное слово).

The means of expressing the rheme:

Lexical meanings – particles (only, even)

Logical stress

Change of syntactic structure (It was he who did it)

Passive voice

Means of expressing theme:

Definite article.

Word order.

In accordance with the formal means of expressing the ADS, sentences are divided into:

1)First-order – begin the discourse or follow one another in its developing the idea expressed in the previous sentence; speaker suppose that the information is understood correctly

-Special word order (inversion ): On the right was a small public park with a fountain.

-Constructions with introducers: It was Bosinney, who first noticed her.

-Constructions with articles and other determiners:. This map will do. vs Any map will do.

2)Second-order – occurs when the speaker believes that he’s misunderstood; imitates structure of the sentence it’s contrasted with

-Special intonation contours: Come in. I'll tell Ted, you are here.

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