Структура простого предложения

Definition of the sentence:

1) The ancient. Sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought. But the thing is there are 2 kinds of word-group:

- the fire was burning

- the burning fire

It is difficult to understand which of them is the sentence and which expresses a complete thought. This definition is not linguistic. It’s logical. It’s not strict and precise enough.

2) Sentence – is a group of words having a subject and a predicate. This definition is linguistic but it’s not precise again (Happy Birthday! Have a look!).

3) Леонард Блумфилд: each sentence is an independent linguistic form, not included by value of any gram.construction in any larger linguistic form. On the whole it is correct and gives the opportunity to draw a line between 2 kinds of word groups.

In many cases it DOES help to distinguish a sentence from a non-sentential group of words.

BUT there are some drawbacks:

- It is negative

- According to it the level of the sentence is thought to be the highest level and the sentence is the highest linguistic form. Nowadays we have supra-prozemic level as a basic unit or the levels of the text and discourse.

THUS, a sentence is a smallest unit of speech expressing a more or less complete thought having a defined grammatical form and intonation of how the statement is connected with reality.

This one points out 4 features:

- The semantic completeness

- The definiteness of its gram.form

- Of its intonation

- Its ability to express the connection between the statement and reality.

According to their structure SS are divided into 2-member and 1-member sentences.

2-member sentence is complete when it has a subject and a predicate. When one is missing – elliptical. What were we doing? –Drinking

1-member sentence has only 1 member, which is either subject or predicate. This does not mean that the other member is missing, for the one member makes the sense complete. Used in descriptions and in emotional speech.

(If the main part of a one member sentence is expressed by a noun, the sentence is called nominal. The noun may be modified by attributes.

Dusk – of the summer night.

The main part of a one member sentence is often expressed by an infinitive.

To die out there – lonely, waiting them, waiting home.)

SS can be

- unextended (consisting only of the primary or principal parts). Birds fly.

- extended (consisting of the subject, a predicate and one or more secondary parts: objects, attributes or adverbial modifiers). This big girl is a student.

In lexicology we used to deal with semes as components of the word semantic structure.

In grammar there’s a certain role of complex elements such as a word combination, a phrase, sentence, a paragraph, etc. Each element has a structure of its own, that is interconnected with other levels of the linguistic system.

There are two axes of relations – syntagmatic and paradigmatic.

The English scholar defines the structure of a linguistic unit as such: it is a syntagmatic framework of interrelated elements, paradigmatically established in systems of classes.

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