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A composite sentence is a multiple sentence of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. Composite sentence can be compound and complex. Clauses combined by means of coordination or subordination respectively. Coordination can be asyndatic or syndatic. Subordination is usually defined as a nonsymmetrical relation, that is, in a complex sentence with a minimal composition of 2 clauses, 1 is the basic element, the other - a constituent or part of the 1st. The 1st one is called the main clause, the 2nd – the subordinate.

The Complex Sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. The Complex Sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses - a principal one and a subordinate one. Although the principal clause positionally dominates the subordinate clause, the two form a semantico-syntactic unity, in which they are interconnected. The order of clauses often varies. The subordinate clause may precede or follow the principal one. E.g. As I was in a hurry I took a taxi.

More than two clauses may be combined in one complex sentence. Subordinate clauses may be arranged by parallel or consecutive subordination. Subordinate clauses immediately referring to one principal clause are subordinated “in parallel’ or “co-subordinated”.

Parallel subordination may be both homogeneous and heterogeneous:

- in homogeneous parallel constructions, the subordinate clauses perform similar functions, they are connected with each other coordinatively and depend on the same element in the principal clause (or, the principal clause in general), e.g.: He said that it was his business and that I’d better stay off it;

- in heterogeneous parallel constructions, the subordinate clauses mostly refer to different elements in the principal clause, e.g.: The man whom I saw yesterday said that it was his business.

The means of combining clauses: syndetic & asyndetic. Syndetic => conj-s, relative pron-s (who, which), relative adv-s (where, how, when, why), phrases (as long as, in order that). If asyndetically => there are no connectives betw. the clauses. Some grammarians say, “the zero connector”.

The subordinate clause is joined to the principal one either by a subordinating connector (subordinator) or asyndetically.

The principles of classification:

Subject- object –attributive- adverbial-functional

1) The subject clause expresses the theme of the actual division of a complex sentence.

Ex.What he would do next was not even spoken of.

2) The object clause denotes an object-situation of the process. Ex. She cannot imagine what you are doing there.

3) Attributive clauses express some characteristics. Ex. I shook out my scarf which was damp.

4) Clauses of adverbial positions constitute a vast domain of syntax which falls into many subdivisions.

5) The predicative clause performs the function of the nominal part of the predicate, i.e. the part adjoining the link-verb (be, seem, look).

Syntactic classification is based on the similarity of syntactical functions of the clauses with those of the parts of the sentence. =>

1) Subject: 2 kinds: 1) precedes the predicate of the main part, opens the sentens, takes place of the subject. 2) follow the predicate, takes place of the notional part of the compound subject (with anticipatory it). Introduced by CONJUNCTIONS: that, whether, if; CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS: what, who, which; CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: how, when, where and ASSYNDETICALLY. (What I really wanted to know is this. It was lucky she and Bossiney got on.)

2) Predicative: take the position of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. Follow the linking part. Introduced by: CONJUNCTIONS: that, whether, if; CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS: what, who, which; CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: how, when, where and ASSYNDETICALLY. (It was just what I wanted. The only trouble was that we enjoyed ourselves.).

3) Objective: connected with the predicate of the main clause taking the position of objects. Introduced by: CONJUNCTIONS: that, whether, if; CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS: what, who, which; CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: how, when, where and ASSYNDETICALLY. (I had prepared myself for what I must say. I never asked him where he got the money.)

4) Attributive are not connected with any particular part. Connected with a noun taking the place of the post-positive attribute. Introduced by the RELATIVE PRONOUNS: which, who, that, whose and RELATIVE ADVERBS: where, when, why and ASSYNDETICALLY (It’s the hour when we sleep).

5) Appositive have much in common with attributive. Not connected with any particular part. Connected with an abstract noun (idea, fact, question). Introduced by CONJUNCTIONS: that, whether. (She was always held by the idea that people could not want her.)

6) Parenthetical connected with the whole main clause. The connection is very loose. Function as parenthesis. Introduced by CONJUNCTION as and ASSYNDETICALLY (As you say, this will help us in our language studies).

7) Adverbial are connected with predicate and take the position of the AM. According to their meanings divided into:

1. Of time. CONJUNCTIONS: WHEN, WHILE, AS SOON AS. (I was a school boy when you knew me)

2. Of place. CONJUNCTIONS where. (He put the book where he always put it).

3. Of manner. CONJUNCTIONS as, as if, as though. (I remember everything as if it were yesterday).

4. Of cause. CONJUNCTIONS because, as. (One of them asked me because I was silent).

5. Of result (consequence). CONJUNCTIONS so, so…that. He whispered so low that she barely heard him.

6. Of purpose. CONJUNCTIONS that, so that, lest. (I gave the book to Ben, so that he could read it too).

7. Of condition. CONJUNCTIONS if, unless, supposing. (If you tell anybody, I’ll never forgive you).

8. Of concession. CONJUNCTIONS though, although, as. (Though she was inexperienced, she got the job).

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