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Глагол. Грамматическая категория наклонения
Глагол. Грамматическая категория залога.
The verbal category of voice shows the direction of the process as regards the participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction (Blokh); or it is the relation of the action to the subject (Ilyish)
1) I invited my friends.
2) I was invited by my friends.
The difference is made by means of the grammatical forms invited and was invited. These forms belong to the category of the process.
In the 1 sentence the actions begin from the subject and go on to the object.
In the 2 sentence the direction as a quite different. The action issues from the object and goes onto the subject.
The forms belong to the category of voice. The category shows the direction of the process. In the 1st sentence the action begins from the subject and goes on to the object. In the 2nd the direction is different. The action issues from the object and goes on to the subject. The difference is shown by the grammatical forms of the verb.
Most scholars agree that the main position lies between the active and passive voices. But some other scholars say about the 3rd voice – reflexive which finds its expression in the self-pronoun.
He washed himself.
But some others speak about also reciprocal voice, which finds its expression in the pronoun “each other”, “one another” that are looked upon as a gr.elements.
They greeted each other. The action issues from two persons and things and the meaning of it differes from the meaning of the active and the passive voices.
Still others speak about the middle-voice.
The door opened.
Professor Bakhudarov speaks about the existence of 3 meanings? Which have no specific grammatical forms for their expression:
1. The door opened. The concert began. Here the predicative verb expresses a medial meaning. Grammatically however the verb doesn’t differ from some other verb in the active voice.
2. He dressed. He washed. He shaved. The process has got a reflexive meaning which is not expressed grammatically in any other way either.
3. They kissed each other. They met each other in the street. Here the reciprocal meaning is felt but it is not expressed grammatically. The forms of the verbs doesn’t differ from the form of the verb in any other non-passive construction.
So, there are 2 voices:
1) Non-passive
2) Passive
In the oppositional theory this is a grammatical category expressed by the privative binary opposition of the passive form of the verb to the active form of the verb. The sign marking the passive form is the combination of the auxiliary be with the past participle of the conjugated verb, or get and, probably, become in colloquial speech. (e.g. He was invited by his friends. The young violinist became admired by all.)
Бархударов found the term “active” not quite suitable, it doesn’t fully correspond the character of voice meaning. Therefore it is better to use “non-passive” to name the unmarked member.
Thus the Passive Voice is the marked member both in by meaning and form and the Non-Passive is the unmarked member.
The action of the marked member is defined as Passivity (the action issues from the outside). The meaning of the unmarked member is non-passivity (the action doesn’t issue from the outside).
The marked member has a positive morpheme of a passive voice: broken morpheme: be+Ven – VS – V.
The category isn’t the property of all Eng. Verbs. It characterizes only objective verbs both transitive and intransitive. An objective verb is the verb requiring the use of the object.
John invited Mary. It can be transformed into Mary was invited by John.
Some phrasal verb groups may have this category: I took care of Mary. Or: I was taken care of by Mary.
Глагол. Грамматическая категория наклонения.
Vinogradov: "Mood expresses the relation of the action denoted by the predicate to reality, as stated by the speaker.
Prof. Ильиш comments on this definition: the action denoted by the predicate verb may be regarded by the speaker as a real fact, command, request:
Ex: Speak to the dean, will you?
Finally, it’s contrastive reality.
Ex: If I were you I should speak to the dean.
The notion of the mood is closely connected with the notion of modality.
Modality is understood as a general linguistic category which shows reference of the statement to the real state of things (reality).
It can be expressed:
- grammatically (category of mood). These means are universal in the sense that it is found practically in every sentence.
- lexically (by modal words – probably, may be, obviously and modal verbs). These means are used occasionally and in a more or less concrete way.
- phonetically (supresegmental means).
The category of mood is the most controversial category of the verb. The number of the moods varies from 2 to 16.
Блох, Бархударов – 2
Иванова – 3
Смирницкий – 6
Макс Дойчбайн – 16
Each of points has smth in its favor. Here arises the question why exist so many opinions on this problem?
Блох, Бархударов: the reason is some objective difficulties, the complexity of the problem being one of them.
Ильиш: it is connected with the absence of direct correspondence between meaning and form, The same form of the verb showas different modal meanings. In other cases different forms express one and the same meaning.
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