Syntactic relations in Engl, forms and means of syntactic connection. The word group theory

Sintagmatic relations in syntax can be regarded as syntactic relations. Syntactic relations are considered to be the matters of content which are formalized by syntactic connections. It should be mentioned that syntactic connections can be of 3 main types:

1) coordination, which is based on sintagmatic relations of independence. Here 2 or more members are equal. The number of constituents is not limited. They may be words, phrases, sentences, clauses.

2) subordination (which is based on sintagmatic relations of dependence). It is always a relation between 2 elements: a syntactically leading kernel and syntactically dependent adjunct. This type of relations exists between words in word-groups and clauses in complex sentences.

3) predication (which is based on sintagmatic relations of interdependence.)It is a basis of a sentence. Primary predication is found between the subject and the predicate. Secondary between the constituents of the predicative construction.

There are several forms of devices which are used for syntactic connection:

1) functional words (conjunctions, prepositions, articles) E.g. a house of mine, red and white.

2) word order is an analytical device marking such forms of subordinate connection as adjoinment and enclosure. E. g. a stone wall.

3) inflexions (in modern Eng the sphere of occurrence of inflexional devices is highly limited. They are in fact exceptional). E.g. saw her in the garden.

Word groups are considered as objective-linguistic reality which constitutes a sentence. According to syntactic connections there are such types of word-groups: 1) Coordinate (e.g. to read and to retell);

2) Subordinate (my pen, bad for you). Subordinate word-groups are classified according to the criteria:

1) The principle of the categorical reference of a kernel word:

a) Substantival word groups (football match);

b) Verbal word groups (to love me);

c) Adjectival word groups (glad to hear);

d) Pronominal word groups (we all, those against);

e) Adverbial word groups(terribly well, 2hours later)

2) The character of syntactic relations:

a) Attributive (the substantival word groups are the leading group here) – a cup of tea, a new dress;

b) Objective (to run a factory)

c) Adverbial (to get up early)

3) The way of connection:

a) Agreement (it is the method of expressing syntactic relations which consists in making a subordinate word take a form similar to that of the word to which it is subordinated (this day – these days, I go – she goes);

b) Government (consists in the use of a certain form of an adjunct required by its head word but not coinciding with the form of kernel itself). E.g. the use of the Objective case of personal pronouns and pronoun who when they are subordinated to a verb and follow a preposition.

c) Adjoinment - a dominant way of realizing syntactic relations in Engl (the most usual example of this connection is the relation between an adverb and a verb and another adverb. An adverb is subordinated to its head word without either agreeing with it or being governed by it – to run quickly, very nice)

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