Position of the kernel and adjunct

a) prepositive; b) postpositive.

Diachronic approaches to polysemy. Change of word meaning in the course of historical development.

Polysemy is the result of semantic shifts which are coursed by social and linguistic reasons when denotational or connotational meanings are changed metaphorically or metonymically. Polysemy is the result of extension, narrowing, elevation or degradation. Originally polysemy may be figurative. With times it has become trite language which is registered in dictionary.

Types of polysemy:

1) radiation (radial) – the meanings of polysemantic words are radii (House(building, opera, parlament))

2) chain (shows the order of meaning of each come into being)

House – people House – officers House – singers House- members of parliament

3) mixed polysemy (variation of both)

Polysemy is erased by context.

e.g. spring: 1.источник 2. прыгать

In the course of historical development word meaning may be changed.

e.g. game – 1. охота на зверя 2. любая охота 3. любая игра 4. футбол

Polysemy may lead to homonymy. The difference is that polysemy is represented by words of different meanings (one word – different meaning) and homonymy is represented by different words.

The category of negation in English

In English unlike Russian or Ukrainian one can’t use polynegative form. We have only single negation in English.

A particle not joins some verbs: to be, to have, shall, will can, may, must, ought, need, dare. Double negation is used to neutralize the negation. Confer: not unwise, not unhappy, не незадовільно, не неумный.

Negation can be general and partial. When the negation is before the predicate, it denies the whole utterance. When it is before another part of the sentence, it doesn’t influence the whole utterance: He does not want to go. – I started early so as not to miss the train. I told him not to go.1) word-sentences: No.;2) modal words: Of course not. Definitely not. Indeed not.;3) sentences-interjections: Nonsense. Pshew. Alas. Bosh. Fie.;4)intonationally: me go there?

General Characteristics of the English Sentence.

A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves to the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing the speaker’s attitude to it.

The classification of simple sentences is based on 2 principles:

1/according to the purpose of the utterance

2/according t the structure/

According to the purpose of the utterance – 4 kinds of the sent.

The declarative sent. States a fact in the affirmative or negative form. Here the subject precedes the predicate. It is generally pronounced with a falling intonation. It is necessary to remember that in Eng.sent. only one negation can take place.

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