The Italian Renaissance

In the sixteenth century, artistic leadership spread from Florence to Rome and Venice, where giants like Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael created sculpture and paintings with total technical mastery – a culmination referred to as the High Renaissance.

Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo was universally admired for his handsome appearance, intellect, and charm. An avid mountain climber who delighted in scaling great heights, Leonardo was also fascinated with flight. Less than twenty paintings by Leonardo survive. Mona Lisa hung in Napoleon's bedroom until moving to the Louvre in 1804. The use of perspective, with all lines converging on a single vanishing point behind Mona Lisa's head, and triangular composition established the importance of geometry in painting. It diverged from the stiff, profile portraits that had been the norm by displaying the subject in a relaxed, natural, three-quarter pose. Instead of proceeding from outlined figures, as painters did before, Leonardo used chiaroscuro to model features through light and shadow. Starting with dark undertones, he built the illusion of three-dimensional features through layers and layers of thin, semi-transparent glazes. His colors ranged from light to dark in a continuous gradation of subtle tones, without crisp separating edges. The forms seemed to emerge from, and melt into, shadows. And then there's that famous smile. To avoid the solemnity of most formal portraits, Leonardo engaged musicians and jesters to amuse his subject.

Fresco painting, The Last Supper has for five centuries been the world's most revered religious painting. His use of perspective, with all diagonal lines converging on Christ's head, fixed Christ as the apex of the pyramidal composition. Unfortunately, Leonardo was not temperamentally suited to the demands of traditional fresco painting, which required quick, unerring brushwork instead of accumulated blurred shadings. In «The Last Supper», he experimented with an oil/tempera emulsion of his own invention that failed to bond to the plaster. Even during his lifetime, the mural began to disintegrate.

Michelangelo. An architect, sculptor, painter, poet, and engineer, Michelangelo acknowledged no limitations. Michelangelo always carved his sculptures from one block. The first work to earn him renown, carved when Michelangelo was 23, was the «Pieta». The pyramidal arrangement derived from Leonardo, with the classic composure of the Virgin's face reflecting the calm, idealized expressions of Greek sculpture.

A few vines on a blue background – that's all Pope Julius II asked for, to spruce up the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. What the artist gave him was more than 340 human figures (10' to 18' tall) representing the origin and fall of man. As in his sculpture, the torsos are more expressive than the faces. His twisted nude forms have a relieflike quality, as if they were carved in colored stone. Encompassing an entire wall of the Sistine Chapel is the «Last Judgment». Its mood is strikingly gloomy. Michelangelo showed his supreme ability to present human forms in motion, as nearly 400 contorted figures struggled, fought, and tumbled into hell.

Raphael. Of the three major figures of the High Renaissance school (Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael), Raphael (1483–1520) would be voted Most Popular. Called to Rome by the pope at age 26 to decorate the Vatican rooms. Raphael's art most completely expressed all the qualities of the High Renaissance. From Leonardo he borrowed pyramidal composition and learned to model faces with light and shadow (chiaroscuro). From Michelangelo, Raphael adapted full–bodied, dynamic figures and the contrapposto pose.

Titian. He dominated the art world in the city for sixty years, used strong colors as his main expressive device. First he covered the surface of the canvas with red for warmth, then he painted both background and figures in vivid hues and toned them down with thirty or forty layers of glazes. Through this painstaking method, he was able to portray any texture completely convincingly, whether polished metal, shiny silk, red–gold hair, or warm flesh. One of the first to abandon wood panels, Titian established oil on canvas as the typical medium.

surreal – something surreal is so strange that you cannot believe it is real.

cornerstone – the basic part of something, on which everything depends.

throwback – someone or something that seems to belong to an earlier period of time or that makes you think of an earlier period of time.

stiff – if you are stiff, or if a part of your body is stiff, you feel pain in your muscles and cannot move easily.

chiaroscuro – the way that light and dark areas create a pattern, especially in drawings and paintings.

solemnity – the seriousness of someone’s behaviour or attitude.

jesters – someone in the past whose job was to entertain an important person by saying and doing funny things.

unerring – always right or accurate.

shading – lines or colours that represent areasof shadow in a drawing or painting.

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