Unit 8. Dermatology

&The skin

The skin is the largest organ of the body.

The thin outer layer of the skin is the epidermis, which is made of tough, flat cells. Dead cells at the surface form a scaly protective layer, and as these are lost, new skin cells are forming in the basal cell layer at the bottom of the epidermis. Also in this bottom layer are melanocytes, which produce the hormone melanin, which gives the skin its colour and protects it from UV light. The skin's inner layer, the dermis, is made of strong, elastic tissue. It contains nerve endings and small blood vessels.

Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oil that rises to the surface of your epidermis to keep your skin lubricated and waterproof. Sweat is produced in sweat glands, and comes up through sweat ducts to the surface of the skin from where it comes out through tiny pores. Body hairs grow in follicles in the dermis. Under the skin is a layer of subcutaneous fat. This keeps the body warm, absorbs shocks, and helps hold your skin to all the tissues underneath it.

Упр. 1. Используя выделенные жирным шрифтом слова, обозначьте на рисунке строение кожи

Упр.2. Прочитайте предложения и скажите, форму какого залога – действительного или страдательного должно иметь сказуемое

1. Epidermis (to make) of tough, flat cells.

2. Dead cells (to lose).

3. Melanocytes (to produce) the hormone melanin.

4. Melanin (to protect) skin from UV light.

5. The dermis (to contain) blood vessels and nerves.

6. Sebaceous glands (to produce) sebum.

7. Sweat (to produce) in sweat glands.

8. Body hairs (to grow) in follicles in the dermis.

9. Subcutaneous fat (to help) the body warm.

10. The skin (to compose) of two layers.

Упр. 3. Ответьте на вопросы

1. Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels?

2. Which layer is thicker: dermis or epidermis?

3. What kinds of cells-living or non-living are there in the epidermis?

4. What is the function of sebaceous glands?

5. How does sweat come up to the surface of the skin?

&Skin diseases

Skin diseases, or dermatoses include annoying and embarrassing conditions such as acne, dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, scabies, wart, impetigo, herpes, pruritis, etc. Most skin diseases cause itching, irritation, swelling, redness and often even pain at the site of skin irritation.

1 Word-box

1. annoying – раздражающий, беспокоящий

2. embarrassing – смущающий

3. scabies – чесотка

4. wart – бородавка

5. herpes – лишай

6. pruritis – зуд

7. irritation – раздражение

&Acne

About 85 % of teenagers suffer from some form of acne. Acne happens when excess sebum – the skin’s natural oil- blocks your pores. As skin cells die off, they also clog the pores, allowing bacteria to build up. This forms an open ‘blackhead’, or a covered ‘whitehead’.

Wash your face gently twice daily with a mild soap taking care to rinse it off. If you wear make-up, make sure you take it off completely at night. And don’t squeeze spots. If you burst a pimple, it may turn into a deep and painful cyst. If you can cut down on deep-fried food, it should help.

1 Word-box

1. acne – угорь, прыщ

2. sebum – кожное сало

3. clog – засорять, забивать

4. gently – мягко. осторожно

5. rinse off – смывать

6. squeeze – выдавливать

7. burst – разрывать, прорывать

8. pimple – прыщ, угорь, папула

Упр. 4. Ответьте на вопросы

1. When does acne happen?

2. What is sebum?

3. How are a blackhead or a whitehead formed?

4. How must you wash your face?

5. What happens if you burst a pimple?

6. Do you need to cut out fat from your diet?

&Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a persistent chronic disease. Psoriasis signs and symptoms may include one or more of the following:

- Red patches of skin covered with silvery scales

- Small scaling spots (commonly seen in children)

- Dry, cracked skin that may bleed

- Itching, burning or soreness

- Thickened nails

- Swollen and stiff joints

Psoriasis can appear on the elbows, knees, shoulders, scalp, and even the face.

The following factors can increase the risk of developing the disease: family history, viral and bacterial infections, stress, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption. If a person has psoriasis he is at greater risk of developing certain diseases. These include: psoriatic arthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, celiac disease, sclerosis, kidney disease etc.

1 Word- box

1. patch – пятно, бляшка

2. scales – чешуйки, scaling - чешуйчатый

3. silvery – серебристый

4. burning – жжение

5. stiff – неподвижный

Упр. 5. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What are the symptoms and signs of psoriasis?

2. Where can psoriasis appear?

3. What factors can increase the risk of developing psoriasis?

4. What are possible complications of psoriasis?

&Eczema

Eczema is almost always itchy. The rash appears on the face, back of the knees, wrists, hands or feet.

Affected areas appear very dry, thickened, or scaly. The cause of eczema is an overactive response by the body’s immune system to an irritant. The condition is not contagious and can’t be spread from person to person. With proper treatment the disease often can be controlled.

Word-box

1. thickened – утолщенный

2. irritant – раздражитель

Упр. 6. Ответьте на вопросы

1. Where does the rash appear?

2. What are the symptoms of eczema?

3. What is the cause of eczema?

4. Is eczema contagious?

5. Can it be controlled?

Упр. 7. Переведите на русский язык.

Burns are graded according to their depth. First- degree burns damage only the outer layer of the skin. Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath. Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath.

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