Unit 9. Psychiatry

&Mental illnesses

Mental illnesses include anxiety disorders such as phobias, compulsions, and obsessions; psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia; eating disorders such as anorexia; developmental disorders such as autism; and personality disorders such as paranoia and psychopathy.

The origins of mental disorders can be biological (chemical or genetic) or psychological (trauma and conflict).

Assessment and diagnosis of mental illness are done by a combination of observation and tests. The usual procedure is to interview the patient and collect the views and accounts of relatives or others.

The disorders vary widely in kind and degree and can be episodic with “flare-ups” and periods of remission.

Medicine is rarely successful at curing mental illness completely, but it can treat it with varying degrees of success.

Biomedical therapies are widely used – drugs such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and anti-psychotics. There is also electroconvulsive therapy.

Mental illness is far more common than cancer, diabetes, heart disease or arthritis. One person in three suffers from some sort of mental illness at some time.

The novelist Andre Malraux suffered from Tourette syndrome, the composer Beethoven and the artist Vincent Van Gogh - from bipolar disorder, the actress Marilyn Monroe – from depression and the footballer David Beckham suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder.

1 Word-box

1. anxiety –тревога, боязнь, страх

2. compulsion – компульсивное побуждение

3. obsession – навязчивая идея, наваждение

4. psychotic – психотический

5. developmental – связанный с развитием

6. assessment – оценка, мнение, суждение

7. account – мнение, отзыв

8. relative – родственник

9. vary – отличаться

10. flare-up – внезапное обострение болезни

11. convulsive – судорожный, конвульсивный

12. degree – степень

13. success – успех

14. view – взгляд, мнение, суждение, точка зрения

15. rarely – редко

16. bipolar disorder – биполярное расстройство

Упр. 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

расстройства личности, расстройства развития, психотические расстройства, оценка и диагностика, сочетание наблюдений и тестирования, собрать мнения и отзывы, значительно отличаются по виду и степени, внезапное обострение болезни, периоды ремиссии, успешно лечится, различные степени успешности.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What disorders do mental illnesses include?

2. Can the origins of mental disorders be only biological?

3. Are assessment and diagnosis of mental illness done by observation and tests?

4. The disorders vary widely in kind and degree, don’t they?

5. Can the disorders be episodic with flare-ups and periods of remission?

6. Is medicine successful at curing mental illnesses completely?

7. What drugs are widely used?

8. Do you know the names of people who suffer or have suffered from mental illness?

²Упр. 3. Послушайте и повторите термины упр. 4.

Упр. 4. Соедините термины с их определениями

&Schizophrenia - the facts

Every year 1.5 million people worldwide are diagnosed with schizophrenia. It is a mental illness which has periods called 'psychotic episodes'. During a psychotic episode, a sufferer shows disturbing changes in behaviour. They may seem very cold and unemotional, using few facial expressions, and say strange things in a slow, flat voice. They may lose all interest in life and spend days doing nothing at all, not even washing or eating. These distressing symptoms are shocking for family members who, of course, remember what the sufferer was like before the onset of the illness.

During a psychotic episode there may be hallucinations. Hearing voices that other people do not hear is the most common type of hallucination. The voices give orders and carry on conversations. Sometimes the voices swear and make threats.

Someone with schizophrenia may have delusions, believing for example that they are a famous, historically important person, or that people on television send them special messages.

People with schizophrenia may not think logically. They are isolated because conversation with them is very difficult, so they have no one to communicate with.

It is relatively common for schizophrenia sufferers to commit suicide - 10 per cent of people with schizophrenia (especially younger adult males) kill themselves. Violence and threats against others, on the other hand, are not symptoms of the illness.

There is medication that can reduce the symptoms, but it often has bad side effects, and some sufferers discontinue treatment because of this. Although many sufferers can continue to lead a relatively normal life, it has been estimated that no more than one in five individuals recovers completely, and most will require long-term treatment.

We do not yet know the cause of schizophrenia. Researchers have looked at links with genes, with brain development, with infections before birth, and with traumatic life events.

1 Word-box

1. facial – лицевой

2. distress – мучить, тревожить, подрывать силы

3. onset – начало

4. voice – голос

5. slow – медленный, тягучий

6. flat – монотонный, глухой, неясный

7. carry on a conversation – вести разговор

8. swear – ругаться

9. threat – угроза

10. delusion – мания, галлюцинация, бред

11. believe – думать, полагать, считать

12. commit suicide – совершить самоубийство

13. adult – взрослый, зрелый человек

14. male – мужчина

15. although – хотя

16. link – связь

17. estimate – приблизительно подсчитывать

18. violence – ярость, ожесточенность, буйство, оскорбление

Упр. 5. Найдите соответствие

Упр. 6. Какие высказывания являются правильными, а какие нет?

1. There are 1.5 million sufferers of schizophrenia.

2. A psychotic episode is a symptom of schizophrenia.

3. People with schizophrenia are usually not violent and dangerous.

4. Suicide is not connected with schizophrenia.

5. We understand what causes schizophrenia.

Упр. 7. Продолжите предложения

1. Schizophrenia is a …

2. During a psychotic episode a sufferer shows disturbing changes in behavior.

They may seem …

They may say …

They may lose …

They may have …

They may hear …

They may not think …

They may kill …

3. There is medication that can …, but it often has ….

4. The cause of schizophrenia may have links with ….

Упр. 8. Переведите на английский язык

1. Шизофрения – психическое заболевание, которое характеризуется психотическими эпизодами.

2. Во время психотического эпизода у пациента проявляются изменения в поведении.

3. Существует лечение, которое может облегчить симптомы.

4. Полностью выздоравливает не более одного человека из пяти. Большинству требуется длительное лечение.

5. Причина шизофрении может быть связана с генами, развитием мозга, инфекциями до рождения и травматическими событиями жизни.

²Упр. 9. Послушайте обсуждение психиатрического случая. Отметьте симптомы шизофрении.

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