Specimen size: 0.6 x 0.4 x 0.3

Unit 7. Gastroenterology

The digestive system

Упр. 1. Укажите названия органов пищеварения

anus

appendix

colon

duodenum

gall bladder

liver

oesophagus

pancreas

rectum

salivary glands

small intestines

intestines

stomach

Упр. 2. Расположите названия этапов процесса пищеварения в нужном порядке от 1 до 7.

a. Salivary glands in the mouth produce enzymes. 1

b. Food in the stomach is attacked by digestive juices which include a powerful acid._____ _____________

c. When the food is in the small intestine, juices from the pancreas and bile from the gall bladder dissolve undigested fat._______

d. Food, in a liquid paste form, enters the colon where water is removed.

e. Faeces are expelled by a bowel movement.

f. The first swallow starts the muscle action and pushes food through the oesophagus.___________

g. The food, now in a semi-solid state, slowly empties into the small intestine.______

Notes

swallow – глоток

push - толкать

Упр. 3. Изучите рисунки желудка и скажите, что происходит с пищей с того момента, когда она окажется в пищеварительном тракте до момента ее попадания в двенадцатиперстную кишку.

Упр.4. Дополните диалог, используя данные ниже слова и словосочетания

a result of, the cause of, in order to, due to, resulting in, so that, as, to, because, so

Nurse What's the problem?

Mother My little boy's got a stomach upset. He's got diarrhoea and a high temperature, and he was vomiting a lot until yesterday. I'm worried _______¹ he's not eating much.

Nurse These symptoms are__________² gastroenteritis. Lots of children

at the school have got it.

Mother What's gastroenteritis?

Nurse Gastroenteritis is ______³ infection, which makes the stomach and intestines inflamed. There's a virus going round at the moment.

Mother Will you give him antibiotics?

Nurse __________ ⁴ the infection is viral, not bacterial, antibiotics would have no effect. It will clear up on its own within a couple of days,_________⁵ I don't think you need to worry.

Mother Is there anything I can give him?

Nurse Not really. Make sure he drinks plenty of fluids___⁶ he doesn't become dehydrated.

Mother Just water?

Nurse Water's fine. And you could give him a glucose drink____⁷ keep his energy up. But keep him off school until he's completely better, ____⁸ this will avoid spreading the virus.

Ответьте на вопросы

1. What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis?

2. What is gastroenteritis?

3. Is it bacterial or viral infection?

4. What do patients with gastroenteritis need?

&Endoscopy

Endoscopy means looking inside and an endoscopeisa thin, lighted fibre-optic tube with a tiny camera on the end.The endoscope used for looking at the inside of the stomach is called a colonoscope. A colonoscopist uses it to see any abnormalities, and can take a biopsy by pinching off bits of tissue with forceps attached to a cable running through the colonoscope.

1 Word-box

1. tiny – крошечный

2. pinch off – отщипнуть

3. bit – кусочек, небольшое количество, чуть-чуть

4. attach – прикреплять

5. cable – кабель, многожильный провод

Упр. 5. Продолжите предложения

1. Endoscopy means …

2. An endoscope is …

3. A colonoscope is used to …

4. A biopsy is …

Biopsy results

²Упр. 6. Послушайте диалог между медсестрой и студентом-практикантом. Удалите неправильную информацию в отчете о результатах исследования.

Path Lab Report

Patient name: Nadine Hartmann

Specimen analysed: polyp of sigmoid/ descending¹ colon

Specimen size: 0.6 x 0.4 x 0.3

Specimen shape: () ²

Results: evidence/ no evidence ³of stromal

hyperthecosis / invasion⁴

Summary: Colon, sigmoid, endoscopic/ arthroscopic⁵ biopsy: tubular carcinoma/adenoma⁶

Упр.7. Дополните письмо пациента, используя данные словосочетания:

Dear Mrs Hartman

I am writing to_______¹ of the colonoscopy done on the 20th of January to__________². During this procedure, the doctor________ ³in which he took a sample from your lower colon for analysis. The sample was a polyp and the pathologist _________⁴ of it. This shows that there __________ ⁵ of cancer; however, the biopsy does______ ____ ⁶ in your lower colon.

An adenoma______⁷. This means that though you do not have cancer, you ______ ⁸ of it some time in the future. I have_________⁹ for you to see Dr Monroe who will answer any questions you have and_________¹⁰.

Yours faithfully

Jane Brown

Notes

benign–доброкачественный

&Gastric and duodenal ulcers

The diseases of the alimentary tract are as follows: chronic gastritis, cancer of the stomach, acute appendicitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers and others.

In the majority of cases ulcer is observed to develop in particularly nervous persons, often after emotional overstrain. But an irregular diet in combination with an emotional overstrain is often observed to contribute to the onset of ulcer development.

Gastric and duodenal ulcers are found to develop more frequently in men than in women, mainly at ages of 25 to 40 years. This disease is characterized by pains, haemorrhages, nausea, vomiting, etc. At the onset of the disease pain is usually dull in character. In gastric ulcers pain is found to grow worse after meals. Acute pain in the stomach is known to be characteristic of perforated ulcers. Pain due to ulcer is well known to occur periodically and be intermittent in occurrence.

The course of ulcer has proved to vary with age and sex, location of ulcers, etc. At a young age its course has no characteristic clinical manifestations. In old persons the incidence of ulcers is known to be rare. But they are often com­plicated by considerable haemorrhage resulting from sclerotic changes in the stomach.

Ulcers are known to have a chronic, cyclic course, with remissions from 6 to 12 months. Exacerbation (o6ocTpeHHe) of ulcers, particularly that of duode­nal ulcers, has been found to occur in spring and autumn.

1 Word-box

1. overstrain – перенапряжение

2. dull – тупой

3. incidence – сфера распространения

4. rare – редкий

5. occur – случаться, происходить

6. intermittent – прерывающийся, периодический

Упр. 8. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

в большинстве случаев, эмоциональное перенапряжение, способствовать началу образования язвы, боль из-за язвы, часто осложняются, хроническое цикличное течение, ремиссии от 6 до 12 месяцев.

Упр. 9. Дополните предложения и переведите их на русский язык

1. Ulcer is observed to develop …

2. An irregular diet in combination with overstrain is often observed to contribute …

3. Gastric and duodenal ulcers are found to develop …

4. In gastric ulcers pain is found to grow …

5. Acute pain in the stomach is known to be …

6. Pain due to ulcer is well known to occur …

7. The course of ulcer has proved to vary …

8. Ulcers are known to have …

9. Exacerbation of ulcers has been found to occur …

Какая грамматическая конструкция объединяет эти предложения?

Упр. 10. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What are the causes of gastric and duodenal ulcers?

2. Ulcers are frequently developed in non at ages of 25 to 40 years, aren’t they?

3. What is this disease characterized by?

4. What can you say about pains due to ulcer?

5. Does the course of ulcer vary with age, sex, and location, etc.?

6. What is the difference between the ulcers in young and old persons?

7. What course do ulcers have?

8. When does exacerbation of ulcers usually occur?

Упр. 11. Охарактеризуйте виды болей при язве

Упр. 12. Прочтите диалог и ответьте на вопросы

Appendicitis

- By the way, what do you know about acute appendicitis?

- Well, I know it occurs in all age groups, even in infants and very old age. It begins suddenly with sharp pain, which is accompanied by nausea, retention of stools and gases.

- Right. Acute appendicitis is treated surgically, when the appendix is removed to prevent its rupture which may result in peritonitis.

Notes

retention–задержка

rupture – разрыв

1. How does appendicitis begin?

2. What is sharp pain accompanied by?

3. How is appendicitis treated?

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