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Read and translate the text A. THE STATE SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN

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THE STATE SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN

Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. It does not have a single constitutional document. Instead the unwritten constitution of Britain has evolved over several centuries, and it consists of parliamentary laws, judicial precedents, and constitutional agreements of customs.

The chief of state is the king (or queen). Royal power is for live and is inherited by the monarch’s direct descendants in the male line, and in case there are none, in the female line, according to seniority. The monarch is considered to be the supreme bearer of executive power, the head of the judicial system, the supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the temporal head to the Anglican Church, and the head of the Commonwealth. Juridically the monarch has the right to appoint the prime minister, the other ministers, judges, diplomats, officers of the army, navy, and air forces, bishops and archbishops, and governors, as well as concluding international treaties, declaring war, and concluding peace. The monarch is considered to be an integral part of Parliament, and in this capacity summons Parliament into session, which is opened by his speech from the throne.

The highest organ of legislative power is Parliament, which consists of the King (or Queen), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. These component parts of Parliament are considered independent of each other, since they are constructed on different principles, have separate residences, and different power; however, in order that laws may be adopted it is usually necessary that they come to an agreement.

The general national representative institution of Britain is the lower house – the House of Commons.

The upper house of the British Parliament, the House of Lords, is an archaic institution that consists of pears.

The government of Britain comprises 80 to 100 persons. It includes departmental ministers, who head certain departments; non-departmental ministers, who are engaged in so called traditional duties and others. The overwhelming majority of ministers are members of the House of Commons, while a small part of them represent the government in the House of Lords. The government is headed by a prime minister. As a rule, this post is attained by the leader of the party that has a majority in the House of Commons. In fact, since the beginning of the 18th century the highest organ of executive power in Britain has been the cabinet of ministers, which concentrates in its hands all the important powers for carrying out domestic and foreign policy.

The members of the cabinet are selected personally by the prime minister. The formation of the cabinet of ministers is not provided for by the legislature of Britain.

In a juridicial sense the government bears a collective responsibility for its political activity to the House of Commons, and in case of a loss of confidence it is obliged to resign.


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