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Text A. THE INTERNET
The Internet, a global computer network, embracing millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network, which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet; there are millions, their number growing by thousands each month worldwide.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, having access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.
In many developing countries the Internet may provide business people with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.
But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centres already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled – but inexpensive – Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programmes available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. “in the clear”. But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programmes may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems, which will take time to be resolved.
======================VOCABULARY===================
| access, n | доступ |
| communicate, v | общаться |
| embrace, v | охватывать |
| encode, v | расшифровывать, декодировать |
| fee, n | оплата |
| garment, n | одежда |
| global/ worldwide network | всемирная сеть |
| host, adj | узловой |
| knock out | здесь: поражать |
| message, n | сообщение, послание |
| packet switching | пакетная коммутация |
| provider, n | здесь: поставщик электронных услуг |
| reliable, adj | надежный |
| route, n | путь, курс, маршрут |
| route around, v | обойти |
| router, n | распределитель |
| send over, v | отправлять |
| survive, v | выжить, пережить |
======================================================
I. Read the following international words. Guess their meaning. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
Computer, experiment, design, information, technology, million, popular, service, alternative, telecommunication, system, commercial, local, distance, architecture, company, centre, concept, specialist, problem, special, programme, technical.
II. Read and translate the following word combinations:
all over the world, to stay in touch, owing to, to survive a war, to pay a fee, to save money, computer-aided design, to send over.
III. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:
| 1) global network | а) почасовая оплата |
| 2) garment center | b) развивающаяся страна |
| 3) developing country | c) благодаря этому |
| 4) shortest path available | d) глобальная сеть |
| 5) growing number | e) центр изготовления одежды |
| 6) hourly fee | f) кратчайший свободный путь |
| 7) owing to this | g) возрастающее число |
| 8) to resolve problems | h) экономить деньги |
| 9) to receive messages | i) пережить атомную войну |
| 10) to intercept a message | j) направляться |
| 11) to survive a nuclear war | k) общаться по |
| 12) to be in touch | l) получать сообщения |
| 13) to embrace millions of users | m) поддерживать контакты |
| 14) to count accurately | n) катастрофически возрастать |
| 15) to communicate over | o) проводить сделки |
| 16) to increase drastically | p) решать проблемы |
| 17) to save money | q) точно подсчитать |
| 18) to conduct transactions | r) включать миллионы пользователей |
| 19) to be directed to | s) перехватить сообщение |
IV. Read the text ‘The Internet’.
a) Find the English equivalents to the following Russian phrases:
значительно увеличиться, опытный специалист, иметь доступ, пережить войну, поддерживать связь, проходить через сеть, направлять данные, войти в компьютер, переданное сообщение, проводить сделки, узловые компьютеры, во всем мире.
b) Find all the ing-forms in the text. State whether they are gerunds or participles. Define their functions.
V. Complete the following sentences. Consult the text ‘The Internet’.
1. Information sent over the Internet ….
2. Any two computers on the Internet ….
3. Nobody knows exactly ….
4. The Internet may provide ….
5. Commercial use of the network will greatly increase if ….
6. Routers are ….
VI. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. The Internet began in the United Kingdom in 1969.
2. If some computers on the network are knocked out information will route around them.
3. Most of the Internet host computers are located in more than 100 countries.
4. There are thousands of people using the Internet, and the number is constantly growing.
5. The most popular Internet service is e-mail.
6. Communication over the Internet is very expensive and unreliable.
7. Business people can make money from the Internet.
8. There is a possibility to get into any computer and change the data being sent over the Internet.
9. There are no encoding programmes available.
VII. Think and answer.
1. What is the Internet?
2. How did it start?
3. How many Internet users are there in the world?
4. What is the path of the information sent over the Internet?
5. What is the most popular Internet service?
6. Are the Internet services expensive?
7. Why is it possible to intercept or even change the data, while they are travelling to the point of their destination?
8. Is information sent over the Internet coded?
9. What can be done with the help of the Internet?
VIII. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Интернет – глобальная компьютерная сеть, которая насчитывает миллионы пользователей во внешнем мире.
2. Сеть появилась в результате военного эксперимента, который начался в США в 1969 г.
3. Целью эксперимента было выживание в ходе ядерной войны.
4. Информация, посылаемая по Интернету, идет от одного компьютера к другому по возможному кратчайшему пути.
5. Никто не может точно подсчитать, сколько людей в мире пользуются Интернетом, ибо их миллионы, и число это ежемесячно возрастает на несколько тысяч.
6. Большинство людей, которые имеют доступ к Интернету, используют сеть только для передачи и получения сообщений.
7. Но есть и другие услуги, предоставляемые Интернетом.
8. Во многих развивающихся странах Интернет может обеспечить бизнесменов надежной связью, в отличие от дорогих и ненадежных систем телекоммуникации.
9. Кто же на самом деле оплачивает отправку сообщений по Интернету на дальние расстояния? Ответ прост: пользователь платит ежемесячную плату фирме – поставщику электронных услуг (провайдеру).
10. Все остальные вопросы решает провайдер.
11. Экономия денег – не единственное преимущество Интернета.
12. В настоящее время многое можно осуществлять через Интернет, в том числе проведение сделок.
IX. Think over the plan of the text ‘The Internet’. Write it down. Retell the text according to your plan.
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