Прочтите и переведите текст

1. The United States of America (USA) is one of the largest countries in the world. The population of the USA is about 250 million people. The USA has fifty states. Its capital is Washington, D.C.

2. In the north the USA borders on Canada and in the South it borders on Mexico. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. Hawaii, which became the 50^th state in 1959, is situated in the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is separated from Russia by the Bering Strait. It is the biggest state of the country.

3. As the USA is a large country, the climate is different in different regions. For example, the Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and warm, dry summers, but the eastern continental region is watered with rainfall. The region around the Great Lakes has changeable weather. There are many mountains in the USA. The main river in the country is the Mississipi. There are five Great Lakes between the USA and Canada.

4. There are many big cities in the country. New York is the city of social contrasts, financial and business centre of the USA. Boston has three universities in it. Chicago is one of the biggest industrial cities in the USA. Detroit is one of the biggest centres of the automobile industry. Hollywood is the centre of the US film business. The USA has an Academy of Science. There are many scientific institutions, museums, libraries, theatres and other interesting places in the country.

5. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is rich in mineral resources, such as salt, aluminium, copper and others. It produces coal, iron ore, natural gas, oil. Such industries as machine-building, shipbuilding are highly developed in the country. American agriculture produces a lot of food products: grain, fruit, vegetables.

6. The United States of America is a federal union, consisting of fifty states, with the District of Columbia as the seat of the national government. The President is the head of the state, of the federal government and he chooses its ministers, called ‘cabinet leaders’. Congress consists of two houses, The House of Representatives and the Senate. In the USA there are two main political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

7. Washington, the capital of the USA was named in honour of the first president, George Washington. It is located on the north bank of the Potomac River. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the USA. It has little industry. Washington looks different from other cities. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall. The Capitol is the tallest building in Washington. This is where laws are made. The White House is home of every president of the United States.

2. Письменно переведите 5 и 6 абзацы.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice, определите время и вид сказуемого, переведите предложения.

- Washington, the capital of the USA was named in honour of the first president, George Washington.

- Such industries as machine-building, shipbuilding are highly developed in the country.

- The Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia, and the Liberty Bell told the people in streets that a new country had been born.

- New York is being visited by tourists from all the countries all the year.

4. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложения.

- No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.

- Chicago can be considered the biggest industrial city of the USA.

- There must be many tourists in the USA.

5.Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

- What is the geographical position of the USA?

- What mineral resources does the USA have?

- What leading towns of the USA do you know?

- What is the structure of the government of the USA?

6. Найдите в тексте и объясните формы образования

множественного числа существительных, подчеркните их.

Вариант 4

Australia

1. Прочтите и переведите текст

1.Australians is the only nation that occupies a whole continent of 7.7 million square kilometres. It also occupies a number of islands (the main one of which is Tasmania). It is the sixth largest country area after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It’s located to the south of Asia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Australia is the flattest continent after Antarctica. It is also the world’s driest continent.

2. Australia has a wide climate range, from tropical in the north to temperate in the south-east. Australia is situated in the southern hemisphere. That’s why it has summer when we have winter. January is the hottest month in Australia.

3. Australia has a population of about 18 million people. 70 percent of the population live in its 10 largest cities. Canberra is the capital of Australia. It is not the biggest city. Sydney and Melbourne are much bigger. Australia is a multicultural society. People from about 200 nations live there. The aborigines, the Australian natives, represent about 1.5 percent of the population. Australia’s official language is English. Australian English does not differ significantly from other forms of English, although some expressions are unique to Australia.

4. Canberra became the capital of the country in 1927. Federal Government works in Canberra in government buildings. The Commonwealth Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The governor-general is appointed by the Queen as her representative. He may prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the House of Representatives.

5. Australia is an agricultural and industrial country. It is rich in coal, nickel, zink, gold. And it is one of the most important producers of metals and minerals. It exports wool, metal, fruit, sugar. Its research was mainly directed at agricultural and grazing problems, but in 1937 it extended its activities in industry, research on plants, plant fibres, wool textile, chemistry, physics, lubricants and bearings. The Australian contribution to research was connected with geography, geology, botany, zoology and anthropology in which Australia affords material not obtainable elsewhere.

6. The most peculiar feature in Australia’s animals is the poach. The best-known are kangaroo, the koala bear, the possum. There are 800 varieties of birds in Australia. Among them are eagles, hawks, parrots, cockatoos. The Emu and the kangaroo are represented on the emblem of Australia. The Emu is a large bird which cannot fly, but runs well.

7. Australians love sports. In 1956 the Olimpic Games were held in Melbourne. In 2000 Australia hosted the Olimpics in Sydney.

2.Переведите письменно 5 абзац.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice, определите время и вид сказуемого, переведите предложения.

- The Emu and the kangaroo are represented on the emblem of Australia.

- The Australian contribution to research was connected with geography.

- By the beginning of the 17^th century Australia had been discovered by

Dutch explorers.

- In 1956 the Olimpic Games were held in Melbourne.

4.Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложения.

- The Emu is a large bird which cannot fly, but runs well.

- You may see most exotic animals in Australia.

- There must be many tourists in Australia.

5.Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

- What is the geographical position of Australia?

- What mineral resources does Australia have?

- What leading towns of Australia do you Know?

- What is the structure of the government of Australia?

6. Найдите в тексте и объясните формы образования

множественного числа существительных, подчеркните их.

Вариант 5

Canada

1. Прочтите и переведите текст.

1. Canada is one of the largest countries in the world. It covers more than one third of North America. Canada spreads from the Atlantic right across the prairies and the Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; and northwards to the bare but beautiful Yukon and the ice-covered islands of the Arctic.

2. The total population is about 26 million people. Though Canada has a large area, it has few people. Most Canadians live on a strip of land less than 320 km wide, along the southern border. Canada has four very distinct seasons. It can be very hot in summer and cold in winter.

3. Canada has some mineral resources; among them are coal, oil, iron, gold, silver, copper, lead and uranium. Canada’s great natural resource is its forests, which cover about two thirds of its lands. From the usable forests Canadians produce millions of dollar’s worth of lumber, pulp, and paper.

4. More than half of all people in Canada live in southern Quebec and Ontario. Quebec is Canada’s oldest province and its largest. This province was settled by the French, and people still follow French customs. Quebec is the largest province in size. Ontario is the largest in population. It is Canada’s economic centre and major force in national politics.

5. Ottawa, the capital of Canada, lies on the border between Quebec and Ontario. It is the political and administrative centre of the nation. Most national cultural institutions, including museums, archives, the National Gallery, and the National Art Centre are in the city.

6. Canada has a democratic parliament. It is situated in Ottawa and consists of the House of Commons, whose members are elected and the Senate, whose members are appointed. Canada now belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations. Queen Elizabeth II is still the Queen of Canada. But ties with Great Britain are not so strong as they were.

7. The maple leaf has been associated with Canada since th1700s. It has become the country’s most important symbol since the national flag was introduced in 1965.

8. Canada has one of the world’s highest living standards. It has an extensive social security network, including old age pension, unemployment insurance and welfare.

2. Письменно переведите 3, 4 и 5 абзацы.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice, определите время и вид сказуемого, переведите предложения.

- It is situated in Ottawa and consists of the House of Commons, whose members are elected and the Senate, whose members are appointed.

- The maple leaf has been associated with Canada since th1700s.

- It has become the country’s most important symbol since the

national flag was introduced in 1965.

- This province was settled by the French, and people still follow

French customs.

4. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложения.

- Forests can be considered the main resources in Canada.

- One may follow French traditions in Quebec.

- There must be many tourists in Canada.

5. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

- What is the geographical position of Canada?

- What mineral resources does Canada have?

- What leading towns of Canada do you Know?

- What is the structure of the government of Canada?

6. Найдите в тексте и объясните формы образования

множественного числа существительных, подчеркните их.

Краткий грамматический справочник.

Настоящий справочник содержит систематическое описание основ грамматики английского языка. Он предназначен для студентов I курса заочного отделения неязыкового вуза. Основная цель справочника – оказать помощь студентам при работе с контрольными заданиями №1 и №2, при чтении литературы по специальности.

I. Существительные.

1) Множественное число существительных.

Существительное в английском языке имеет два числа: единственное и множественное. Формальный признак единственного числа – так называемое «нулевое» окончание, множественного числа – окончание «(e) s). Множественное число имён существительных образуется путём прибавления окончания «(е) s) к существительному в единственном числе.

E.g. a bed – beds

Существует ряд существительных, которые имеют неправильные формы.

E.g. a man – men

2) Притяжательный падеж существительных.

Обозначает принадлежность и употребляется главным образом с существительными, обозначающими одушевленные предметы:

E.g. children’s games- детские игры

Некоторые другие существительные, в частности обозначающие название стран, животных и некоторых неодушевленных предметов, могут также употребляться в притяжательном падеже:

The Earth’s surface- поверхность Земли

Существительные в форме притяжательного падежа встречаются в выражениях времени, расстоянии, стоимости:

Ten minute’s break- десятиминутный перерыв

II. Прилагательные.

Степени сравнения прилагательных.

Прилагательное в английском языке имеет три степени сравнения: положительную, сравнительную и превосходную.

Все односложные и некоторые двусложные прилагательные (оканчивающиеся на –y, -er, -our) образуют сравнительную степень при помощи прибавления суффикса “er”, а превосходную- при помощи прибавления суффикса “est” к прилагательному в положительной степени. Прилагательные в превосходной степени употребляются с определённым артиклем:

E.g. big – bigger – the biggest

Большинство двусложных и все многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень путем употребления слов «more» или «less», а превосходную путём употребления слов «most» или «least» перед прилагательными в положительной степени.

E.g. more interesting – the most interesting

less interesting – the least interesting

Существует ряд прилагательных, представляющих собой исключения из общего правила образования степеней сравнения:

E.g. good better the best

хороший более хороший самый хороший, лучший

Употребление степеней сравнения прилагательных.

1) При сравнении употребляется союз than – «чем».

E.g. Tom is taller than John.

2) Если сравниваемые предметы обладают одинаковыми качествами или свойствами, то употребляется союз “as…as” (такой же…как и) и прилагательное в положительной степени:

E.g. This film is as interesting as that one.

3) В отрицательных предложениях вместо «as….as» употребляется «not so …..as» (не такой …как):

E.g. This film is not so interesting as that one.

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