Substantivation

It is such case when word with an adjective stem has the paradigm of a noun. E.g.: a private, the private uniform, a group of privates. It is also the result of ellipsis when a word combination with a semantically strong attribute loses its semantically weak noun. The degree can be different. There exist complete substantivation (e.g.: a criminal, criminals, a criminal mistake, criminals’); partial (substantivised adjective or participle denotes a group or a class of people. E.g.: the blind, the poor, the dead, the rich. Thesewords undergo no morphological changes; so they are used with the definite article, possess a collective mean.).

Composition. Several Aspects of compounds.

Composition is a type of word building in which new words are produced by combining 2 or more stems. There are 3 aspects of composition: structural, semantic, theoretical.

Structural Aspect.

3 types of compounds:

1. Neutral – the processof compounding takes place withoutany linking element by a mere juxtaposition of 2 stems (armchair, breakwater). Neutral compounds are subdivided into: simple (consist of simple affixless stem); derived (have affixes in at least one constituate: blue-eyed, newcomer); contracted (have a shortened stem in their structure: T-shirt, FBI-agent); compounds where at least one of the constituance is a compound stem (wastepaper-basket, cornflower-blue).

2. Morphological – 2 compounding stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant (statesman, handicraft).

3. Syntactic – the components represent segments of speech preserving in their structure numerous traces of sintagmatic relations (do-all, free-for-all, good-for-nothing, son-in-low.).

Semantic Aspect.

Semantically compounds are subdivided according to the degree of semantic cohesion constituent parts. 2 groups:

1. Non-idiomatic -compounds whose meanings can be described as the sum of their constituent meaning. The first component in these words, if taking as a free form, denotes an action or state of whatever or whoever is characterized by the word. (classroom, bedroom, evening gown).

2. Idiomatic - the meaning is shifted. 2 groups: 1) The meaning is slightly recognizable through the meaning of its constituent parts. (bluebell, blackberries). 2) In this group it is impossible to deduce the meaning of the compound from the meaning of its constituent part. (mother-of-pearl, kill-joy - брюзга). The key to meaning have been irretrievably lost (ladybird – an infect, a tallboy – a piece of furniture.).

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