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Since they were at school
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B
We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.
| We use for when we say a period of time (two hours, six weeks etc.): · I’ve been waiting for two hours. for two hours a week 20 minutes 50 years five days a long time six months ages · Sally’s been working here for six months. (not “since six months”) · I haven’t seen Tom for three days. · (not “since three days”) | We use since when we say the start of a period (8 o’clock, Monday, 1985 etc.): · I’ve been waiting since 8 o’clock. since 8 o’clock 1977 Monday Christmas 12 May lunchtime April they were at school · Sally’s been working here since April. (= from April until now) · I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. · (= from Monday until now) |
It is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences):
· They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for)
· They haven't had a holiday for ten years, (you must use for)
We do not use for + all... (all day / all my life etc.):
· I've lived here all my life. (not 'for all my life')
C
We say 'It's (a long time / two years etc.) since something happened':
· It's two years since I last saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years / the last time I saw Joe was two years ago)
· It's ages since we went to the cinema. (= We haven't been to the cinema for ages)
The question is How long is it since...?
· How long is it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?)
· How long is it since Mrs. Hill died? (= When did Mrs. Hill die?)
Exercises
12.1 Write questions with how long and when.
1 It's raining.
(how long?).... How long has it been raining?......
(when?)....... When did it start raining?............
2 Kate is learning Italian.
(how long / learn?)............................................................................................
(when / start / learn?)........................................................................................
3 I know Martin.
(how long / know?)...........................................................................................
(when / first / meet?).........................................................................................
4 Bob and Alice are married.
(how long?)........................................................................................................
(when?)...............................................................................................................
12.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning in the way shown.
1 (It's raining now. It's been raining since lunchtime.) It started... raining at lunchtime...............................
2 (Ann and I are friends. We first met years ago.) We've... known each other for years..........................................
3 (Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday.) He has....................................................
4 (Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago.) He has.............................................
5 (Sarah is married. She's been married for two years.) She got..............................
6 (You've got a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I've....................................
7 (Sue has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went.................................
8 (You're working in a hotel. You started in June.) I've.........................................
12.3 Put in for or since.
1 It's been raining................. since....................................lunchtime.
2 Tom's father has been doing the same job..............................................20 years.
3 Have you been learning English........................................................a long time?
4 Sarah has lived in London................................................. 1985
5........................................................Christmas, the weather has been quite good.
6 Please hurry up! We've been waiting......................................................an hour.
7 Kevin has been looking for a job....................................................he left school.
8 The house is very dirty. We haven't cleaned it.............................................ages.
9 I haven't had a good meal...............................................................last Tuesday.
12.4 Write B's sentences using the words in brackets.
1 A: Do you often go on holiday?
B: (no / five years)........ No, I haven’t had a holiday for five years.............................
2 A: Do you often eat in restaurants?
B: (no / ages) No, I...........................................................................................
3 A: Do you often see Sarah?
B: (no / about a month) No,............................................................................
4 A: Do you often go to the cinema?
B: (no / a long time)..........................................................................................
Now write B's answers again. This time use It's...since....
5 (l)......... No, it’s five years since I had a holiday.............................................
6 (2) No, it's..........................................................................................................
7 (3) No,................................................................................................................
8 (4).........................................................................................................................
Unit 13 Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and I did)
A Study the example situation:
| Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. Hehas losthis key. (present perfect) This means that he doesn't have his key now. |
| Now Tom has foundhis key. He has itnow. Hashe losthis key? (present perfect)) No,hehasn't. Hehas foundit. Didhe losehis key? (past simple) Yes,he did. He losthis key (past simple) but now he has found it. (present perfect) |
The present perfect is a present tense. It always tells us something about now. 'Tom has lost his key' = he doesn't have his key now (see Unit 7).
The past simple tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key', we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.
Two more examples:
• Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn't have a beard now)
• They went out after lunch and they 've just come back, (so they are back now)
B
Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present (for example, things that happened a long time ago):
• The Chinese invented printing, (not 'have invented')
• How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not 'has Shakespeare written')
• Beethoven was a great composer, (not 'has been') Compare:
• Shakespeare wrote many plays.
• My sister is a writer. She has written many books, (she still writes books)
C
We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple:
· • A: Ow! I've burnt myself.
B: How did you do that? (not 'have you done')
A: I picked up a hot dish, (not 'have picked')
· A: Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet.
B: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. (not 'hasn't been...haven't done')
A: I wonder who it was then, (not 'who it has been')
Exercises
13.1 What has happened in these situations?
1 Jack had a beard. Now he hasn't got a beard..... He has shaved off his beard....
2 Linda was here five minutes ago. Now she's in bed. She.....................................
3 The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only 17. The temperature.................................................................................................................................
4 The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody.................................................................................................................................
5 The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The tree................................................................................................................................
6 The plane was on the runway a few minutes ago. Now it is in the air.
The plane................................................................................................................
13.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1 'Where's your key?' ‘I don't know. I’ ve lost.....................................' (lose)
2 I... was... very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. (be)
3 Mary................................to Australia for a while but she's back again now. (go)
4 'Where's Ken?' 'He...............................out. He'll be back in about an hour.' (go)
5 I did German at school but I....................................................most of it. (forget)
6 I meant to phone Diane last night but I.....................................................(forget)
7 I......................................................a headache earlier but I feel fine now. (have)
8 Look! There's an ambulance over there. There...........................an accident. (be)
9 They're still building the new road. They.......................................it. (not/finish)
10 'Is Helen still here?' 'No, she............................................out.' (just/go)
11 The police...................................three people but later they let them go. (arrest)
12 Ann......................me her address but I'm afraid I..........................it. (give, lose)
13 Where's my bike? It...........................outside the house. It................................!
(be, disappear).
14 What do you think of my English? Do you think I............................? (improve)
13.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1 Do you know about Sue? She's given up her job............ RIGHT............................
2 The Chinese have invented printing.... WRONG: The Chinese invented......................
3 How many plays has Shakespeare written?...........................................................
4 Have you read any of Shakespeare's plays?..........................................................
5 Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher.................................................................
6 Ow! I've cut my finger. It's bleeding......................................................................
7 My grandparents have got married in London.......................................................
8 Where have you been born?.................................................................................
9 Mary isn't at home. She's gone shopping.............................................................
10 Albert Einstein has been the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity
................................................................................................................................
13.4 (Section C) Put the verb into the most suitable form, present perfect or past simple.
1 A: Look! Somebody... has spilt... (spill) coffee on the carpet.
B: Well, it... wasn't... (not/be) me. I... didn't do... (not/do) it.
2 A: Ben............................................................................................(break) his leg.
B: Really? How.................................................................................(that/happen)?
A: He............................................................................................(fall) off a ladder.
3 A: Your hair looks nice........................................................(you/have) a haircut?
B: Yes.
A: Who..............................(cut) it?...............................(you/go) to the hairdresser?
B: No, a friend of mine..............................................(do) it for me.
Unit 14 Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did)
A
Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago / in 1985 / when I was a child). Use a past tense:
· The weather was nice yesterday, (not 'has been nice')
· They arrived ten minutes ago. (not 'have arrived')
· I ate a lot of sweets when I was a child, (not 'have eaten')
A: Did you see the news on television last night? (not 'Have you seen')
B: No, I went to bed early, (not 'have gone')
Use a past tense to ask When...? or What time...?:
· When did they arrive? (not 'have they arrived')
· What time did you finish work?
Compare:
| Present perfect •Tom has losthis key. He can't get into the house. Here, we are not thinking of the past action. We are thinking of the present result of the action: Tom doesn't have his key now. | Past simple •Tom losthis key yesterday.He couldn't get into the house. Here, we are thinking of the action in the past. We don't know from this sentence whether Tom has his key now. |
B
Compare present perfect and past:
| Present perfect (have done) · I've donea lot of work today. We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues from the past until now. For example, today, this week, since 1985. · It hasn't rained this week. · Haveyou seenAnn this morning? · (it is still morning) · Have you seenAnn recently? · Idon't know where Ann is. I haven't seenher. (= I haven't seen her recently) · We've been waitingfor an hour. (we are still waiting now) · Ian lives in London. He has livedthere for seven years. · I have never playedgolf, (in my life) · The present perfect always has a connection with now. See Units 7-12. | Past simple (did) · I dida lot of work yesterday. We use the past simple for a finished time in the past. For example, yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991. · It didn't rain last week. · Didyou seeAnn this morning? · (it is now afternoon or evening) · Didyou seeAnn on Sunday? · A: WasAnn at the party on Sunday?B: Idon't think so. I didn't seeher. · We waited (or were waiting)for an hour, (we are no longer waiting) · Ian livedin Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London. · I didn't playgolf when I was on holiday last summer. · The past simple tells us only about the past. See Units 5-6. |
Exercises
14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1 I've lost my key. I can't find it anywhere............ RIGHT...................
2 Have you seen the news on television last night?... WRONG: Did you see...
3 I've bought a new car. Do you want to see it?......................................
4 I've bought a new car last week.............................................................
5 Where have you been yesterday evening?.............................................
6 Jenny has left school in 1991................................................................
7 I'm looking for Mike. Have you seen him?...........................................
8 I'm very hungry. I haven't eaten anything today....................................
9 Diane hasn't been at work yesterday.....................................................
10 When has this book been published?...................................................
14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.
1 (it / not / rain / this week)................. It hasn't rained this week..................
2 (the weather / be / cold / recently) The weather...........................................
3 (it / cold / last week) It................................................................................
4 (I / not / read / a newspaper yesterday) I....................................................
5 (I / not / read / a newspaper today)............................................................
6 (Ann / earn / a lot of money / this year).....................................................
7 (she / not / earn / so much / last year)........................................................
8 (you / have / a holiday recently?)...............................................................
14.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1 I don't know where Amy is.............. Have you seen................. (you/see) her?
2 When I.................................. (get) home last night, I............................(be)
very tired and I................................. (go) straight to bed.
3 Your car looks very clean.......................... (you/wash) it?
4 George.................................. (not/be) very well last week.
5 Mr. Clark................................ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6 Molly lives in Dublin. She......................... (live) there all her life.
7 '....................(you/go) to the cinema last night?' 'Yes, but it....................(be) a mistake. The film.......................(be) awful.'
8 My grandfather...................................(die) 30 years ago. I....................
(never/meet) him.
9 I don't know Carol's husband. I................. (never/meet/him).
10 A: Is your father at home? B: No, I'm afraid he....................(go) out.
A: When exactly...............................(he/go) out? B: About ten minutes ago.
11 A: Where do you live? B: In Boston.
A: How long.................................. (you/live) there? B: Five years.
A: Where................................... (you/live) before that? B: In Chicago.
A: And how long............................... (you/live) in Chicago? B: Two years.
14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets.
1 (something you haven't done today)... I haven't eaten any fruit today..…
2 (something you haven't done today)..........................................................
3 (something you didn't do yesterday)..........................................................
4 (something you did yesterday evening)......................................................
5 (something you haven't done recently).......................................................
6 (something you've done a lot recently)........................................................
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