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Unit 9 Present Perfect continuous (I have been doing)
A
It has been raining. Study the example situation:
Is it raining?
No, but the ground is wet.
It has been raining.
Have/has been -ing is the present perfect continuous:
| I/we/they/you have (= I’ve etc.) he/she/it has (= he’s etc.) | been | doing waiting playing etc. |
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped.
There is a connection with now:
· You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now)
· Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard, (he's tired now)
· Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
· I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...
B It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation:
| It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago it is still raining. How long hasit been raining?It has been rainingfor two hours. We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for...and since.... The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. |
· How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English)
· Tim is still watching television. He 's been watching television all day.
· Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour.
· George hasn't been feeling well recently.
You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time:
· Debbie is a very good tennis player. She 's been playing since she was eight.
· Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.
C Compare I am doing (see Unit 1)and I have been doing:
| I am doing present continuous (now) · Don’t disturb me now. I’m working. · We need an umbrella. It’s raining. · Hurry up! We’re waiting. | I have been doing present perfect continuous · I’ve been working hard, so now I’m going to have a rest. · The ground is wet. It’s been raining. · We’ve been waiting for an hour. |
Exercises
9.2 Write a question for each situation.
1 John looks sunburnt. You ask: (you / sit in the sun?)... Have you been sitting in the. sun?..................
2 You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: (you / wait / long?).................................................................................................................
3 You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what / you / do?)......................................................................................................
4 A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know 'How long...?' You ask: (how long / you / live / in Baker Street?)....................................................
5 A friend tells you about his job - he sells computers. You want to know 'How long...?' You ask: (how long / you / sell / computers?).............................................
9.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. It.... has been raining... for two hours.
2. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now.
We...................................................................... for 20 minutes.
3 I started Spanish classes in December. I'm still learning Spanish now.
I....................................................................... since December.
4 Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She's still looking now. for six months.
5 Mary started working in London on 18 January. She's still working there now....................................................................... since 18 January.
6 Years ago you started writing to a penfriend. You still write to each other regularly now. We........................................................................... for years.
9.4 Put the verb into the present continuous (I am -ing etc.) or present perfect continuous (I have been -ing etc.).
1 Maria...... has been learning........ (learn) English for two years.
2 Hello, Tom. I.........................(look) for you all morning. Where have you been?
3 Why........................................... (you/look) at me like that? Stop it!
4 We always go to Ireland for our holidays. We.........................(go) there for years.
5 I...................... (think) about what you said and I've decided to take your advice.
6 'Is Ann on holiday this week?' 'No, she............................... (work).'
7 Sarah is very tired. She.................................. (work) very hard recently.
Unit 10 Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)
A Study these example situations:
| Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been paintingthe ceiling. Has been paintingis the present perfect continuous. We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished. | The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. 'Has painted' is a completed action. We are interested in the result of the activity (the painted ceiling), not in the activity itself. |
Compare these examples:
| • My hands are very dirty. I've been • repairingthe car. • She's been smokingtoo much recently. She should smoke less. • It's nice to see you again. What haveyou been doingsince we last met? • Where have you been? Haveyou been playingtennis? | • The car is OK again now. I've repairedit. • Somebody has smokedall my cigarettes. The packet is empty. • Where's the book I gave you? What have you donewith it? • Haveyou ever playedtennis? |
B
| We use the continuous to ask or say how long (for an activity that is still happening): • How long have you been reading that book? • Mary is still writing letters. She's been writingletters allday. • They've been playingtennis since 2 o'clock. | We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times (completed actions): • How many pages of that book have you read? • Mary has writtenten letters today. • They've playedtennis three times this week. |
C
There are some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) that are normally not used in the continuous:
• I've known about it for a long time, (not 'I've been knowing')
For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A.
Exercises
10.1 Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets.
1 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. (read / for two hours)....... He has been reading for two hours............................ (read / 53 pages so far)............. He has read 53 pages so far............
2 Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. (travel / for three months) She........................................................................................................................
(visit / six countries so far)...................................................................................
3 Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again - for the fourth time.
(win / the national championship four times)....................................................
(play / tennis since he was ten).............................................................................
4 When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films. (make / ten films since they left college) They........................................................................................................................
(make / films since they left college)....................................................................
10.2 For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:
(how long / learn / Arabic?).. How long have you been learning Arabic?.........
2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:
(how long / wait?).............................................................................................
3 You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask:
(how many fish / catch?)...................................................................................
4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how many people / invite?).............................................................................
5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:
(how long/ teach?)...........................................................................................
6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:
(how many books / write?)..............................................................................
(how long / write / books?)..............................................................................
7 A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask:
(how long / save?)..............................................................................................
(how much money / save?)................................................................................
10.3 Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done etc.) or continuous (I have been doing etc.).
1 Where have you been?...... Have you been playing.......... (you/play) tennis?
2 Look! Somebody.....................................................(break) that window.
3 You look tired..............................................................(you/work) hard?
4 '..........................................(you/ever/work) in a factory?' 'No, never.'
5 'Jane is away on holiday.' 'Oh, is she? Where..................................(she/go)?
6 My brother is an actor. He..................................... (appear) in several films.
7 'Sorry I'm late.' 'That's all right. I.................................(not/wait) long.'
8 'Is it still raining?' 'No, it.............................................. (stop).'
9 I......................(lose) my address book..........................(you/see) it anywhere?
10 I.............................. (read) the book you lent me but I....................................
(not/finish) it yet.
11 I.........................(read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.
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