The notion of a part of speech. Criteria for differentiating the classes of words. The traditional classification of parts of speech

Under/ estim/ ate/ s

IC-analysis, like many other ideas employed in the study of the morphemes, was developed by an American linguist, Leonard Bloomfield, and his followers within the framework of an approach known as Descriptive Linguistics (or, Structural Linguistics). Immediate constituents analysis in structural linguistics starts with lingual units of upper levels: for example, the immediate constituents of a composite sentence might be clauses, each clause in turn might have noun phrase and verb phrase as constituents, etc.; the analysis continues until the ultimate constituents – the morphemes – are reached.

The principles of division.

The main principle is that any grammatical system is binary. It’s seen in derivative words, word – groups, sentences in fact even a text.

IC- model

“cutting” “Braketing”

beautifully ((beauty)(ful)(ly)

IC1 IC2 IC1 IC2

Бархударов.

Эта модель изображает предложение не как линейную последовательность слов, а как иерархию уровней членения На каждом этапе членение выделяются отрезки максимальной длины, то есть таким, которые в свою очередь допускают максимальное число дальнейших членений. Эти отрезки носят названия НС. Выделяют как правило 2НС,то ест деление осуществляется на бинарном принципе.

The notion of a part of speech. Criteria for differentiating the classes of words. The traditional classification of parts of speech.

Parts of speech are the lexico-grammatical classes of words correlating with each other in the general system of language.

Parts of speech are classified in the three criteria. They are: semantic, formal and functional

The semantic criterion refers to the generalized semantic properties common to the whole class of words. For example, the generalized meaning of nouns is “substance”, of verbs is “process”, of adjectives substantive property, of adverbs non-substantive property.

The formal criterion embraces [im’breis] (заключаетвсебе) the formal features (word-building and word-changing) that are characteristic for a particular part of speech. For example, the noun is characterized by a specific set of word-building affixes (- ty, - ness, - er, - ment), and is changed according to the categories of number, case and article determination: boy-boys, boy – boy’s, boy – the boy – a boy.

Combinability is also a relevant formal feature for each particular part of speech.For example, verbs can be modified by adverbs, while nouns cannot (except in specific contexts).

The functional criterion is based on the functions that the words of a particular class fulfill (выполнять) in the sentence.

For example, the main function of the noun is that of a subject or an object; the only function of the finite form of the verb is that of a predicate; the adjective functions in most contexts as an attribute; the adverb as an adverbial modifier

Classifications in general may be based either on one criterion and such classifications are called homogeneous [hə’mɒdʒinəs]; or monodifferential, or on a combination of several criteria and such classifications are called heterogeneous or polydifferential.

The traditional classification of parts of speech is polydifferential and it’s based on the combination of all the three criteria mentioned

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