Многофункциональные слова

to be due to (predicative – именная часть сказуемого)

Flight BA 502 from Miami is due to arrive in a few minutes.

Ожидается, что самолет рейсом ВА-502 из Майами приземлится через несколько минут.

Следующие союзы употребляются в начале придаточных предложений: а) причины:since, for, as, because; б) времени: since, as; в) образа действия: as.

Both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor….

Данные союзы связывают части сложносочиненного предложения либо однородные члены в простом предложении.

I am fond of music, both ancient and modern.

My sister and I both helped him.

Either I or he will go.

Neither he nor I went.

Я увлекаюсь музыкой, как старинной, так и современной.

Как моя сестра, так и я помогли ему.

Уйдет либо он, либо я.

Ни он и ни я не пошли.

Сослагательное наклонение

Глаголы в сослагательном наклонении выражают желаемое, предполагаемое или нереальное действие. В современном английском языке синтетические формы сослагательного наклонения, совпадающие с инфинитивом, употребляются редко. Чаще употребляются аналитические формы, состоящие из модальных глаголов ‘should, would, may, might’ и инфинитива. Для того, чтобы выразить нереальное действие, используется ’смещение времени’ – глаголы в прошедшем времени выражают нереальное действие в настоящем, а формы Past Perfect – в прошлом.

Сослагательное наклонение обычно употребляется в придаточных предложениях после оборотов “it is necessary, it is required” и др.; в дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глаголов ‘order, command, suggest, insist’, а также глагола ‘wish’; в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях цели и нереального условия.

It is required that pupils should come in time.

I suggest that you should read it yourself.

I wish I had that book.

We wished they would tell us everything.

Write down all these words lest you should forget them.

If you were more attentive, you’d study better.

Требуется, чтобы учащиеся приходили вовремя.

Я полагаю, тебе следует прочесть это самому.

Жаль, что у меня нет этой книги

Жаль, что они не рассказали нам обо всем.

Запиши все эти слова, чтобы не забыть их.

Если бы ты был более внимательным, ты бы учился лучше.

Условные предложения

Придаточное предложение условия, предшествующее главному предложению, отделяется запятой. Существуют также смешанные типы условных предложений. Вероятны любые комбинации временных форм глаголов, в зависимости от контекста. Например: If she had finished it yesterday, she wouldn’t be doing it now.

Если бы она закончила это вчера, то не делала бы это сейчас.

Во всех трех типах условных предложений союзы / союзные слова: if, provided и др. могут быть опущены. В придаточном предложении встречаются такие глаголы, как had, were, could, might, should. В таком случае имеет место обратный порядок слов.

Например: Если он придет, то пусть подождет меня. - Should he come, let him wait for me.

Если бы она была специалистом в данной области, мы бы показали ей новую установку. – Were she a specialist in this field, we should show her the new installation.

Возможность, вероятность, предположение,

граничащее с уверенностью

Предположение, близкое к уверенности

Для выражения возможности выполнить действие в вопросительных предложениях не употребляется глагол ‘may’. Возможность выражается следующими способами:

Can she? Could he? Is she likely to? Is it likely that? Might he?

Например: Сможет ли он выиграть? – Is he likely to win?

I. Translate into Russian.

A

1. If you study hard, you will pass your exams successfully.

2. If I stay here, I shall take part in your work.

3. He will achieve better results provided he applies this method.

4. In case we fulfill this task, we shall write an article.

5. My report will be ready tomorrow, providing I have all the necessary materials.

B

1. If he were present at the lecture, he would not make so many mistakes in this paper.

2. He would finish his project unless he were ill.

3. We should do our best to show our skill provided we were given this work.

4. If they had time, they would complete the work sooner.

5. In case I saw him, I could speak to him.

C

1. He could have made that great discovery earlier if he had had better conditions for work.

2. I should not have agreed to take part in your research unless I had been sure of its significance.

3. In case I have understood the importance of the matter, I should have acted differently.

4. Unless they had studied programming, they would not have compiled the program.

5. If the mechanic had been there, he might have repaired the device.

II. Write these sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If you drove more carefully, you (not have) so many accidents.

If you drove more carefully, you wouldn’t have so many accidents.

2. If he (get up) earlier, he’d get to work on time.

If he got up earlier, he’d get to work on time.

3. If we (have) more time, I could tell you more about it.

4. If you (sell) more products, you’d earn more money.

5. I could help you if you (trust) me more.

6. His car would be a lot safer if he (buy) some new tyres.

7. I wouldn’t mind having children if we (live) in the country.

8. If I (be) you, I wouldn’t worry about going to university.

9. If I (have) any money, I’d give you some.

10. Your parents (be) a lot happier if you phoned them more often.

11. Where would you like to live if you (not live) in Paris?

12. What would you do if you suddenly (win) half a million pounds?

13. Would you mind it if I (not give) you the money I owe you today?

14. If I had to go to hospital, I (not go) to this one.

III. Define grammar functions of “should” and “would” in the following sentences:

Modal verbs:

Reported speech:

Subjective Mood (and Conditionals):

1. When Marta was younger she would work day and night to feed her family. Time and again I would see her coming very tired.

2. We should finish the work in time, provided they had necessary equipment.

3. We waited till evening, but the thunderstorm would not cease.

4. We assured our supervisor that we should be able to overcome all the difficulties in our research.

5. The measurements should have been made with greater accuracy.

6. Had you reached an agreement on the problem, the results would have been obtained by now.

7. “You should take more exercise,” the doctor said.

8. Tom promised his father that he would clean the car the following day.

9. I don’t have time, but if I had more time, I would go to the gym.

10. It is very important that you should take part in the discussion.

11. Everybody required that the new methods of management should be taken into consideration while making the program.

12. Would you mind typing this report for me?

13. He asked me when they would be through with that experiment.

14. I wish that this new method would be applied.

15. You should be hungry now.

IV. Define the functions of since, as, for, because, because of.

1. I have a small car because it’s more economic to run.

2. But economics as an academic discipline is relatively new.

3. A basic understanding of economics is essential for citizens.

4. Since that time the subject has developed rapidly.

5. He’s been running the company for ten years.

6. Because there are no others to consult, the owner has absolute control over the use of the company’s resources.

7. It’s a pity we haven’t made any calculations since.

8. People accept money in exchange for goods and services.

9. At the same time money also acts as a unit of accounts.

10. Since time is money, make sure your system is comprehensible.

11. As our knowledge grows and we increase our skill, we can exploit more and more of opportunities that nature offers to us.

12. I’ve bought this house because of its external.

13. She is not so quiet now as she was in her childhood.

1. Prepositions ……… 2. Conjunctions ………3. Adverbs ………

Key

Unit I

I.

II. 1-f; 2-c; 3-b; 4-a; 5-d; 6-e; 7-g; 8-h; 9-i; 10-j.

III. a) 1-b; 2-c; 3-a

b) 1-b

c) 1-b

V. Substantial, active, static, utilizable, chargeable, circuitous, electronic, inventive.

VI To amplify – to strengthen, enclosure – fencing, flow – current, to supply – to provide, tube – valve, power – energy, substantial – real, to act – to do, to apply – to use, to cause – to occasion, to coat – to cover, to control – to regulate, to emit – to radiate, to place – to put, to state – to confirm.

VII a-4; b-3; c-5; d-1; e-2; f-6; g-7; h-8; i-9; g-10.

Grammar Study

I. a) do you go

d) are you waiting

a) doesn’t know

b) I‘m having

c) do you leave

d) is happening

e) do you know

f) I‘m having

g) doesn‘t work

h) are you doing

II. a) does Sue Live

b) you know Jim

c) are you doing at the moment

d) you sitting here

d) we change trains here

e) are you wearing two pullovers

f) David staving with Tom

g) does Kate come home

III. a) Naomi Bill aren‘t watching television.

b) Peter doesn‘t like chocolate cake.

c) Carol doesn‘t drive a little red sports car.

a) I’m not using this pencil at the moment.

b) The children aren‘t having lunch in the kitcher.

c) The sun doesn‘t set in the east.

d) I don‘t get up early on Saturday.

e) Kate isn‘t writing a novel.

f) Sue doesn‘t live in London.

g) We aren‘t waiting for you.

IV. a) 2

b) 1

c) 1

d) 2

e) 1

f) 2

g) 2

h)1

V. a) I don‘t believe

b) has

c) I‘m leaving

d) are you doing

e) You are being

f) I‘m driving

g) are we eating

h) tastes

i)are you going

J)I don‘t understand

d) understand

VI. 1) hate

2) are you going with

3) do you wear

4) think

5) doesn‘t usually sit

6) are you looking at

7) does this bus stop

8) am not taking/is giving

9) eats

10) Do you know

11) are you staring

12) do you speak

13) is staying

14) are putting

15) Are they speaking

VII. a) B:2; b) B:2; c) B:1; d) B:1; e) B:1; f) B:1.

VIII. 1) is goining / is going to join

2) won’t be

3) will snow

4) am goinig out

5) are going to knock

6) will probably ride

7) is going to give / is giving

8) am going

9) are going to hit

10) will probably win

Unit II

I. a) technical, system, process, program, sequence, logical, modern, govern

b) machine, industrial, control, importance, objective, employment, fulfill, require, technique

c) possibility, automatic, information, subdivision, computation, reliability

II. solve problems

pave the way

develop principles

work out the algorithms

perform operations

fulfill the program

utilize techniques

govern processes

transmit information

IX. 1) technical possibilities

2) cybernetics

3) engineering sciences

4) technical cybernetics

5) objectives

6) control algorithms

7) programs

8) systems

9) are applied

Text B

VIII. B E D A C

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