Drawing 4 - the Monthly average salary of member countries EvrAzEs (US dollars)

In the conditions of modern globalization, the international terrorism and religious extremism, the Central Asia (ЦА) becomes interest epicenter in the strategic, geopolitical plan at representatives not only great world powers, but also regional. Today these new central-Asian states are full subjects of the international relations. They build the open, democratic societies.
From here a question on what should be the Central Asia in the near future in political, economic, spiritual measurement and in what the essence of the further international cooperation of the central-Asian states consists are questions world and The regional policy. Thus all agree: first, that geopolitical interests of these five countries of the Central Asia coincide are to live in friendship and a brotherhood, after all, they live, communicating with each other in the millenia, helping each other, co-operating in all spheres of political life.
Secondly, all agree that interests of the central-Asian countries - political, economic, spiritual have the general bases; they want to establish a political order, stability in this region, together defining the national safety against modern threats and calls.
Thirdly, politicians and scientists are convinced that confusion and the difficulties existing between the central-Asian states in sphere of frontier areas - customs, power, agricultural, household etc., solvable politically, national diplomacy. Fourthly, for the central-Asian states that трансформационные and модернизованный processes pass at a time is characteristic also and their character is identical. Are available only some distinctions in rates of realization of these political processes.
After disintegration of the USSR (since 1991) between the people of the Central Asia special value has played the international cooperation in such directions as trade and economic, sociopolitical, diplomatic, ecological, ethno cultural, scientific and technical and information, cultural, правотворческое, cooperation in sphere of strengthening of independence of the world in region, etc. the Purpose of the international cooperation is strengthening of bonds of friendship, good neighborhood and an ethno cultural contact between the people of the independent states of the Central Asia.
According to A.Dzhekshenkulova (Kyrgyzstan), specificity of a transition period in the countries of the Central Asia consists that «have imposed in due time to these countries from the outside the Soviet variant of civilisations of modernisation, And in some cases literally armed force. This variant was badly interfaced to traditional social relations of the people of the Central Asia and their cultures»[12, с.90].
Regional cooperation of the central-Asian states is most full shown in trade and economic sphere. Every year (since 1985) there are tendencies of increase in volume of barter between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan and with other [5, с.63].
The main subject of the international cooperation is the state. The state defines the purpose and problems of cooperation, first of all in sociopolitical sphere. Analyzing a role of the state in a transition period in the Central Asia, it is necessary to underline that at transition from planned system to market the essential role is played by the state.
The central Asia has begun since 1991 with signing of the Agreement on creation of the Inter republican advisory council of republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. However in life this initiative has not received a real embodiment. Disintegration of the USSR has strengthened дезинтеграционные processes. There were all new and new institutes (borders, customs, the visa etc.). Only in 1994 of the state have started practical realisation of regional cooperation. Creation of uniform economic space by such states as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, has resulted in 1995 in convocation of the central-Asian conference on regional cooperation. Within the limits of this Conference began tradition to spend constant conferences of the states of the Central Asia on a sustainable development.
Formation of modern integration of the central-Asian states, is defined by four stages:
The first stage is connected with growth of national consciousness, activization of patriotic and socially-democratic forces. Within the limits of Soviet Union heads of republics of the Central Asia for Strengthenings of traditional relations and friendship, establishment of the international consent between the people and the ethnic groups living in region, the decision to found the International association of assistance to cooperation and progress of the people of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (МАССПН) was accepted. And on August, 14th, 1991 in the city of Tashkent the decision on creation of the Advisory council on development of uniform approaches in the decision of shared problems of economy of republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was accepted.
The second stage includes formation of the independent states (September, 1991) and signing of the Contract on creation of uniform economic space (July, 1994). The commissions on the organization of cooperation in the field of transport, social protection of the population, an information exchange, pricing, etc. But these commissions are created Regional consulting council, in the absence of necessary legal and economic maintenance, could not develop the activity to the full.
The third stage of formation of cooperation of the new central-Asian states begins with signing of the Contract on uniform economic space on April, 30th, 1994 in the city of Cholpan-Ata and creations of Interstate council of Republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (ЦАС). At a meeting in Almaty on July, 8th, 1994 heads of the states declared decision-making to found Interstate council: «It is possible to tell with all definiteness, - it is told in this Reference, - with signing of these documents real advancement of our countries on creation not only the economic union, but also the general political and cultural space» has begun. Then this union have joined Tajikistan, and as the observer — Russia, Georgia and Ukraine.
The fourth stage finishes formation of legal base as bases of financial and economic, political and cultural integration after formation of Interstate council and begins with signing 10 January, 1997 of the Contract on eternal friendship between Republic Kazakhstan, the Kirghiz Republic and Republic Uzbekistan. In this document it is noticed that the given Agreement promotes the further strengthening of relations of eternal friendship between three states, based on affinity of history, culture, language and traditions.
After formation the Commonwealths of Independent States (CIS) heads of republics have confirmed the interest in formation and strengthening of the CIS and operated as the independent states.
But leaders of the new central-Asian states understood not worse, than initiators of creation of the CIS, inadmissibility of rupture of social and economic communications. Therefore they declared the readiness to become equal in rights соучредителями the CIS. According to leaders of the central-Asian states:
- Coordination of efforts on formation of commonwealth of the independent states is necessary;
- Creation of commonwealth of the independent states should be carried out on a legal basis;
- The commonwealth of the independent states should be carried out on a legal basis;
- The commonwealth of the independent states should guarantee equality of all nations and nationalities, protection of their rights and interests;
- The commonwealth of the independent states can't be formed to the ethnic, confessional or any other sign which is violating human rights and the people;
- The commonwealth of the independent states recognizes and respects territorial integrity and inviolability of nowadays existing borders;
- Earlier concluded Contract on economic community it is necessary to confirm and finish work on it in full volume [33, s.88-90].

2. THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION OF KAZAKHSTAN WITH THE REGIONAL FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS

2.1 Problems of participation of Kazakhstan in the regional financial and economic organizations

The world community, unfortunately, still couldn't find universal methods of the decision of the most complicated problems of the present, counteraction to global calls and threats. For the last year character of the negative phenomena and tendencies hasn't changed. They even have even more become aggravated. Intensity of their development has even more amplified. Events in Iraq became serious test for the United Nations, with all sharpness having bared necessity of carrying out of institutional reform of the United Nations Organization. The United Nations with its authority, universal character and unique experience still play an important coordinating role in all world affairs. But efficiency of the United Nations depends on our will. We are obliged to reform by common efforts the Organization from this point of view democratization of the international relations. Time of perfection of mechanisms of the United Nations, their adaptation to modern requirements has come. The international law also faces the decision труднейших problems on creation of uniform principles of observance by members of the world community of collective decisions and unification of legal terms. The United Nations should play a key role in process a post of disputed restoration of Iraq. Kazakhstan has supported the resolution of the UN Security Council 1483 from May, 22nd 2003г. On removal of sanctions against Iraq. Confirming the readiness for cooperation on performance of this resolution, Kazakhstan has directed division of military engineers for performance of the international obligations on maintenance of peace and safety as a part of Stabilization forces of a coalition. For us Safety in the Central Asia inseparably linked with a situation in Afghanistan. Despite successful military operations in Afghanistan, position in this country remains astable and disturbing, manufacture of drugs there constantly increases. Afghanistan all also costs on the verge of humanitarian accident, millions Afghans are under the threat of starvation. As the state which has voluntary refused a nuclear heritage, Kazakhstan it is disturbed by proceeding distribution of weapons of mass destruction. The aspiration of some the countries, and also the terrorist organizations to possession the nuclear weapon and other types of weapon of mass destruction creates serious threat of global safety. Today Contracts about non-distribution of the nuclear weapon and about universal prohibition of tests of the nuclear weapon practically don't operate. The main reason of such dangerous state of affairs consists in easing of the international control. Here again solving word should belong to the United Nations and its institutes. Control toughening, strengthening transparency is necessary by working out and carrying out of nuclear tests. Available international agreements in this area demand perfection with a view of their adaptation to modern realities. It is impossible to be reconciled with that fact that the international community doesn't possess real levers of influence on the states breaking modes of non-distribution. Time shows that the Meeting on interaction and the trust measures, called under our initiative, becomes the effective mechanism of safety and stability in Asia [31, с.15]. In the Almaty Certificate and the Declaration on elimination of terrorism and dialogue assistance between the civilizations, accepted at the first Summit, essentially new approaches to safety to Asia based on trust, respect and cooperation are reflected. Kazakhstan is interested in the further advancement of process and will use the best efforts, that innovative norms and approaches of the countries-participants taking into account features and variety of region were realized. Now efforts Kazakhstan are directed on working out of the Catalogue of measures of trust which will be brought for discussion and acceptance during coming in next year СМИД and Summit СВМДА. All countries to active participation in the further activity СВМДА are invited. Kazakhstan attaches all-important significance of activity of the Shanghai organization of cooperation. ШОС has outgrown a role of regional structure on safety and has started realization of huge potential in development of trade and economic cooperation and humanitarian communications between the countries-participants. We believe that realization of the Program of trade and economic cooperation of the countries SHOS till 2020 will create favorable conditions in trade area and investments, and also stimulation of multilateral interaction in the field of power, computer science, telecommunications, preservation of the environment and rational wildlife management. Kazakhstan aspires to bring the contribution to formation and development of a new, equal in rights, mutually advantageous world order. With that end in view we have held important international forums: the Trans-Asiatic parliamentary forum of Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE, the International conference of ministers of the developing countries which do not have an outlet to the sea spent under the aegis of the United Nations, 28th annual meeting of Islamic bank of development and, especially I want to underline, the first Congress of leaders of world and traditional religions. Within the limits of the first Trans-Asiatic forum of Parliamentary assembly of OSCE for the first time members of parliament of the countries-participants of OSCE were going to discuss problems of maintenance of the European safety far from geographical borders of Europe. First, it is caused by globalization of economic, political and cultural processes. Secondly, carrying out of an inter-parliamentary forum of OSCE in our country has underlined that role which the Central Asia in relations between all-European and formed Asian safety systems can potentially play. The International ministerial conference which has taken place in August of the United Nations of cooperation in area Transit transportations became, as a matter of fact, a turning point in achievement of the purposes of the Declaration of a millenium. Elimination of available disagreements and a compromise finding between two main interested parties – group of the countries which do not have an outlet to the sea, and group of the countries - transit became an overall objective of the spent series of negotiations. Kazakhstan is interested in practical realization of decisions of conference for fuller use of own transport potential. We give preference to creation мульти modal international transport corridors which include development of automobile, railway, aviation and water routes as components of all corridor. Successful carrying out of 28th annual meeting of Islamic bank of development in Almaty in September of this year in which delegations of 55 member countries IBR have taken part, testifies to a recognition of dynamical development of financial sector of the Kazakhstan economy and a role of our country in global economic processes [37, с.34].
Kazakhstan consistently pursues a policy, directed on consolidation of efforts of the world community on an establishment and dialogue development between civilizations and cultures. Being the unique state in respect of religious tolerance and the interethnic consent, Kazakhstan initiated carrying out in September of this year in Astana the first Congress of leaders of world and traditional religions. In the general opinion of participants, this largest international event has shown presence of the big peace-making potential of our country. The format of participants of Congress has given to the Astaninsky forum character of the first religious summit of the world. It is pleasant that leaders and high representatives of world and traditional religions, having expressed the general understanding about necessity of continuation of constructive interreligious dialogue, have made decision to spend congresses of leaders of world and traditional religions on a constant basis. The honor to organize is done Kazakhstan Activity of Secretary of Congress and to hold the second interreligious forum again in Astana. Today Kazakhstan is an integral part of global political and economic processes. We are deeply convinced that the alternative of an openness of our country, to its further involving in world processes doesn't exist. We support active development mutually advantageous and equal relations with all interested parties. In this plan by common efforts we can make very many. In summary would like to thank you for your daily work in adjustment of cooperation with Kazakhstan and to express gratitude for support and mutual understanding. If to try to analysis, why a number of programs of IMF and others МФО have not achieved the object, and sometimes even have worsened a situation in regions which suffered from crisis it is possible to allocate some reasons.
First, the policy of these organizations, mainly, is defined by the developed countries. While activity of IMF and the World bank, first of all, is concentrated in developing countries, these countries receive the lion's share of financial assets from these organizations, the first persons of these organizations are mainly representatives of the developed countries, both the developed countries of Europe and the USA dominate at decision-making concerning carrying out of a certain policy. Besides, interests of member countries MFO, are presented in these organizations the higher officials in financial sphere (Ministers of Finance, representatives of the Central banks), that is people who most of all care of a financial condition of the countries, thus questions of preservation of the environment, employment and social problems in many cases fade into the background.
From this it is possible to draw a conclusion that decisions which are accepted МФО mainly display financial and commercial interests of those who accepts them, namely representatives of financial circles of the developed countries, and not to the full serve interests of the separate nations. In Many cases commercial interests force out such important spheres as human rights, struggle against poverty, democracy etc.
Secondly, economists who work in МФО though have very good education and are familiar with problems of developing countries, don't know a deep essence of a problem, therefore it is very heavy to them to develop the effective plan of action and to define a policy concerning the concrete country. In particular it concerns the IMF which missions usually last 2-3 weeks on which extent representatives of this organization meet representatives of the governments of the countries then come back home and already there develop the plan of action concerning situation stabilization.
Thus in each country there are own experts in the field of economy and the finance which knowledge concerning a situation in the country deeper as they are its inhabitants, and they could be very useful by working out of a stabilization policy. In turn, experts МФО could play a role of advisers and impart experience, received as a result of cooperation with other countries, with local experts. Unfortunately, the IMF always aspired to play the central role in the given process.
Thirdly, very often requirements of IMF concerning fast carrying out of privatization and liberalization in the countries which follow the road transition to market economy became conditions of reception of financial assets. Under assumptions of IMF the markets should adapt quickly to new conditions, and, having passed in a private property, the former state enterprises should feel at once improvement and increase of efficiency of their functioning. But, unfortunately, results frequently appeared opposite, after all the human factor often wasn't considered. Many people who worked for a small salary at the state enterprises became the unemployed that negative impact has, of course, made on Economy. Besides, that fact hasn't been considered that if in the country high level of corruption privatization can't bring those benefits which from it expect, after all very often the enterprises are on sale at cut price, that enriches officials, but there is no richer a state.
As to liberalization of the markets even the IMF recognizes today what exactly this its requirement to the countries which develop, partially became the reason of financial crises of 90th years ХХ the item the Western countries placed emphasis on necessity of liberalization, but thus protected those areas of economy which could make a competition developing countries. Usually such policy of double standards caused the extremely negative reaction from developing countries. Besides, practice has shown that not always liberalization involves foreign investments and on the contrary, China which didn't follow recommendations МФО, has received much more investment resources.
Besides, liberalization demands the developed system of economic regulation which hard quickly to introduce in developing countries.
Fourthly, attraction of foreign investments of one of overall objectives became frequent enough at realization of stabilization programs МФО. Thus negative consequences which can arise thus weren't always considered. For example, the bank sphere and some areas of economy of the countries become very vulnerable and don't maintain a competition to the known foreign companies (to take, for example, the company Coca-Cola, representations of large European banks).
Fifthly, activity МФО very often doesn't suffice a transparency by working out of the programs and strategy, the decision often are accepted behind closed doors though the IMF and the other organizations aren't private structures [16].

If programs of reforms and action which have been recommended by these organizations to the governments of the countries during crises of 90th years ХХ the item, were brought for discussion, that, probably, it would be possible to find out and correct in due time strategic lacks and to avoid many errors, to correct policy МФО for the sake of achievement of the maximum effect. Probably, in this case the alternative way of stabilization of a situation which as much as possible would consider interests of all members of a society, and not just financial and commercial sectors would be found.
МФО should report publicly about the activity that the population of the countries in which programs of these organizations are realized, had possibility to draw conclusions concerning efficiency of their work and correctness of their requirements.
From the above-stated it is possible to draw a conclusion that time when reforming of the international financial organizations which ultimate goal should become that МФО the resources for settlement of the crisis phenomena in world economy can effectively use is necessary has come and struggle with negative consequences of globalization.
According to J. Стиглица there is also a necessity of reforming of the international financial system as a whole. He offers such key directions in reforming of the international financial system:
1. A recognition of possible negative consequences of liberalization of the markets of the capital.
2. Use of procedure of bankruptcy in relation to private borrowers who can't carry out payment to creditors instead of use of financing of IMF for the purpose of payments in favor of creditors.
3. Improvement of bank regulation. Weak bank regulation in developing countries can lead to instability. The safe and healthy bank system is important, but it also should To provide with the capital financing of the enterprises and creation of workplaces.
4. Improvement of management by risks. Today the world countries face various risks, including with a problem of instability of rates of exchange. It is easier to certainly, developed countries to cope with similar risks and they should promote development of the insurance markets. МФО it is necessary to give loans to developing countries in such forms which could reduce currency risks.
5. Concentration of special attention on questions of economic safety. In the majority of developing countries the system of economic safety is poorly developed, especially it concerns agricultural sphere and small-scale business, there are no programs of insurance of unemployment.
6. Improvement of anti-recessionary actions. As it is known, the policy of IMF in reply to financial crises of 90th years, has proved to be in most cases unjustified, and sometimes even promoted development of the crisis phenomena. The given help has been badly developed and is even worse used [17].
All it in a complex, and also actions for reforming of the international financial organizations, certainly, demand the long period of time. Thus the openness of the given process, carrying out of complex researches on the given subjects and discussion of results of such researches that it was possible to reveal and minimize all possible negative consequences of their introduction is very important.

2.2 Prospects of integration of Kazakhstan with the regional financial and economic organizations

In February, 2007 the present prospects of development of relations with the Shanghai organization are defined. Initially having generated for the decision of boundary questions on the basis of agreements on trust strengthening in Military area and about mutual reduction of armed forces around border, «the Shanghai five» – Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – has grown in rather dynamical both influential political and financial and economic international organization. Since 2001 its member is Uzbekistan, Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Iran have the status of the observer, and interest to activity ШОС Sri Lanka, Japan, and also Association of the states of South East Asia (АСЕАН) anyhow show, the USA and the European union (EU). Meanwhile ШОС «effectively exists on a joint of civilizations», and its participants at all don't consider that distinctions between cultures and civilizations "are irreconcilable", as separate politicians try to prove it. The countries SHOS don't hide that their problem – organization strengthening. But it is a question not so much of expansion, how many about strengthening of efficiency of the organization. ШОС – the open organization of partners covering almost 2/3 Euroasian continental spaces and uniting the states of various civilizations of sources. It is focused on maintenance of peace and stability in region and development of wide international cooperation. In the center of Eurasia, in planet heart, the association, including two global world unit – China and Russia which has entered in ХХI century by strategic partners, and covering the countries with huge complementary potential is under construction. Having saved up by members of the organization at the decision difficult, and sometimes drama questions of political and military character, successful experience of the cooperation, reached for years of existence ШОС mutual trust, tradition following between civilization respect, dialogue and search of the general ways of development – all that sometimes name «spirit of Shanghai», member states SHOS have the right to count and on the general strategic achievements in interaction in this region in the diversified areas.
For the last years the existence the Shanghai organization of cooperation in the development has promoted far forward. Are accepted Tens the basic contract-legal documents, concerning various directions of cooperation. As a result the legal base of the organization has been put and the mechanism of interaction is debugged. Fruitful cooperation in the field of safety that is equitable to interests of all member states SHOS is carried out and it is rather important for maintenance of stability in region as a whole. On the basis of mutual benefit and mutual interest trade and economic cooperation intensively develops. Contacts in humanitarian sphere go deep, cultural cooperation develops. ШОС actively increases also external relations, its authority grows. Official relations with the international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, АСЕАН, the CIS, the Euroasian economic community (EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY), the increasing number of the states would wish to come into contacts with ШОС are established. Despite young age, ШОС from once advisory structure it was gradually transformed to the regional international organization and has incurred functions of the guarantor of the world and stable development both in the Central Asia and in Asian-Pacific region [18].
According to observers, the region of the Central Asia where concern the majority of the countries – participants ШОС, already became a place of geopolitical and economic opposition of many external forces. Thereupon in the conditions of shortage of natural resources, it is obvious a sharp economic competition that struggle for possession strategic resources and control over economically important central-Asian region will become aggravated and tougher even more.
Certainly, this circumstance actually can, both to unite interests of the given group of the states, and to promote their competition. But just, in particular, for softening and settling of the last structure SHOS also can be used. It is necessary to notice that in ШОС the countries with considerable economic potential, huge territory and demographic resources enter. Some of them – Russia and Kazakhstan – Have stocks of power resources, and China, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Russia have large objects of power. These factors as unite interests of the states entering in ШОС, and promote their competition. Anyway last years Russia, China and Kazakhstan show enviable rates of economic growth. However it is difficult to reveal, how much given economic achievements are connected with their membership in ШОС, but it is impossible to deny that development of the normal good-neighborhood including fast growth of economic contacts between the countries, entering into the Shanghai organization of cooperation, has positively affected the general economic growth, became one of its components.
As the President of Republic Kazakhstan N.A.Nazarbaev has noted in the performance at plenary session of heads of member states SHOS on July, 5th, 2005 in Astana:«Kazakhstan considers ШОС, Meeting on interaction and measures of trust to Asia and congress of leaders of world religions which will be regularly spent in our country, as complementary mechanisms. It is an original triad it is important also that economy, safety, religious dialogue not simply взаимоувязаны. We hope for your support in these directions. Today it is possible to assert that the most effective economic projects without creation of the safe environment strategically нереализуемы that without the confessional world it is impossible to tell about real safety in region … Importance of the Asian institutes of cooperation it is defined also by that there is a new independent culture of interstate relations. At obviously designated problems in international law, occurrence of various radical concepts of the future world order it is very important to create the models of regional associations within the limits of the Asian cooperation. The certain vacuum in the international legal code should be filled and such empirical experience which will work enough within the limits of our organization, as some legal grounds Post of the Yalta world have been appreciably realized by an attendance way. It is possible to disagree with it, but not to see a reality it is impossible»*. Accurately verified and competent policy of Republic Kazakhstan in the field of the social and economic reforms, spent by the government of the country, has allowed Kazakhstan to become the leader of economic growth among the new independent states. According to the World bank, Kazakhstan, whose population makes only 1/4 population of all Central Asia, provides 2/3 incomes of all region. The volume of gross national product per capita Kazakhstan in 2005 made $3440. The statistics shows that Kazakhstan already left on indicators on an economic level of the countries of Eastern Europe which have recently become by members of the European Union.
Some years ago the Congress of the USA and the Council of Europe recognized Kazakhstan as the country with market economy, and leading international rating agencies to republic the international investment rating has been appropriated. It is necessary to notice that China shows recently solid economic achievements. So, the share of China in 2004 has made 24,4 %, having exceeded level of world gross national product whereas the same indicator at the USA, for example, was equal 18,6 %. In the past of 2005 of the Peoples Republic of China has shown the same indicators of development.
Economic cooperation admits member countries SHOS as an important and perspective direction. About necessity of economic cooperation began to speak in 1998 Already at the first meeting on September, 14th, 2001 in Almaty the Memorandum between the governments of member states SHOS about main objectives and directions of regional economic cooperation and start of process on creation of favorable conditions in trade area and investments has been signed. According to the memorandum, the mechanism of regular meetings of ministers of the member states SHOS which are responsible for the external economic and foreign trade activity (the first has taken place in May, 2002 in Shanghai) [19] is started.

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