Most of the houses have a fireplace which forms the most characteristic feature of an English home and is seldom seen in other European countries

The plan of an English house also differs from that of the houses where we live. English architects plan some apartments vertically instead of planning them horizon­ tally, so that an English family having a separate apart­ ment lives on two or sometimes three floors with rooms connected with a narrow staircase. They find it the most convenient style of apartment.There are usually three rooms in each apartment besides a kitchen and a bath­ room: a living room, a bedroom and a dining room.

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FROM THE HISTORY OF LONDON

In the year 55 before our era a Roman legion headed by Julius Cesar crossed the English Channel that divides the British Isles from the continent of Europe. Having landed in Britain the Romans founded a military station on the northern bank of the river Thames, Being skilled in the art of building they started fortifying¹ their set­ tlements with thick massive walls and laying roads across the country leading to the sea coast. After staying in Britain for two centuries the Romans returned to the continent having left behind excellent roads and strong fortifications. One of Roman settlements was called Londinium Augusta. Four centuries later, according to some historians, the capita] of Britain was founded in its locality, part of the Roman wall-still lying deep under the ground beneath modern London,

No other ancient monuments of Roman times have remained in the city. The earliest historical monument of English architecture is the so called Tower of London which has retained its name up to the present day. Being erected on the ruins of a Roman fortress, it consists of parts belonging to different periods of English history, its central and most ancient part being the huge square tower four storeys high. It was called the White Tower, deriving its name from the white stone it was built of. The White Tower was surrounded with a double row of Walls with smaller towers forming the inner and outer court with the scaffold in the back of it.

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THE TOWER

Looking at the Tower you feel its close connection to the historical past of England with its constant and cruel fighting for power. Since the time of its erection the Tower of London has served many purposes: first a king's palace, then a fortress and a political prison. Now it is a museum.

Several kings of England found protection within its walls both against foreign enemies and their own people fighting for their liberties and privileges. The White Tower was the royal residence, all the kings of England spending the first days of their reign there according to an ancient custom. From the White Tower kings went to their coronation and out of it some of them came down to the scaffold lying in the outer court, forced to surrender their power to new pretenders.

All the towers in the walls surrounding the White Tower served as places of imprisonment, each of them keeping some dark and tragic secret. Narrow galleries, steep staircases, secret passages and dark cells formed in the thickens of the walls exist up to the present day. Among the numerous prisoners were kings of England, France and Scotland, princes and noblemen, protestants and catholics, scientists and public leaders. Shakespeare mentioned many of their tragic fate in his historical plays.

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