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ÀâòîÀâòîìàòèçàöèÿÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÀóäèòÁèîëîãèÿÁóõãàëòåðèÿÂîåííîå äåëîÃåíåòèêàÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÃîñóäàðñòâîÄîìÄðóãîåÆóðíàëèñòèêà è ÑÌÈÈçîáðåòàòåëüñòâîÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊîìïüþòåðûÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàËåêñèêîëîãèÿËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌàøèíîñòðîåíèåÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÌåòàëëû è ÑâàðêàÌåõàíèêàÌóçûêàÍàñåëåíèåÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíèÎõðàíà ÒðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏðèáîðîñòðîåíèåÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèåÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏðîìûøëåííîñòüÏñèõîëîãèÿÐàäèîÐåãèëèÿÑâÿçüÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòàíäàðòèçàöèÿÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèèÒîðãîâëÿÒóðèçìÔèçèêàÔèçèîëîãèÿÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿÕîçÿéñòâîÖåííîîáðàçîâàíèå×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìåòðèêàÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêàÞðèñïóíäåíêöèÿ
I. Îáðàç íàóêè
Ôèëîñîôèÿ è ìåòîäîëîãèÿ íàóêè
Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Â. È. Êóïöîâà
Ðåêîìåíäîâàíî Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì êîìèòåòîì ÐÔ
ïî âûñøåìó îáðàçîâàíèþ â êà÷åñòâå ó÷åáíîãî ïîñîáèÿ
äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ âûñøèõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé
ÀÑÏÅÊÒ ÏÐÅÑÑ
Ìîñêâà
(2)
Ñîäåðæàíèå
ÐÀÇÄÅË I................................................................................................................................... 5
I. Îáðàç íàóêè........................................................................................................................... 6
1. ×òî òàêîå íàóêà?..................................................................................................................................................... 6
2. Öåëü íàóêè................................................................................................................................................................. 6
3. ×òî ïðîèçâîäèò íàóêà?.......................................................................................................................................... 7
4. Íàóêà êàê ïðîöåññ ïîçíàíèÿ............................................................................................................................. 11
5. Çíàíèå î ÷åì?......................................................................................................................................................... 17
6. Íàóêà êàê ñîöèàëüíûé èíñòèòóò...................................................................................................................... 18
7. Ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ íàóêè............................................................................................................................. 22
II. Ïðîáëåìà âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ íàóêè..................................................................................... 27
1. Äàòà è ìåñòî ðîæäåíèÿ íàóêè........................................................................................................................... 28
2. Ìèô. Òåõíîëîãèÿ. Íàóêà.................................................................................................................................... 30
3. Ïðîáëåìà «åâðîïîöåíòðèçìà».......................................................................................................................... 33
4. Íà ãðåáíå «ñîöèàëüíîé âîëíû»........................................................................................................................ 35
5. Èç ïëåíà âðåìåíè.................................................................................................................................................. 38
III. «Áîëüøàÿ íàóêà»............................................................................................................. 40
1. Îñîáåííîñòè ñîâðåìåííîé íàóêè..................................................................................................................... 40
2. ÍÀÓÊÀ È ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ....................................................................................................................................... 42
IV. ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ È ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÏÐÎÃÐÅÑÑ......................................... 46
1. ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÐÅÂÎËÞÖÈÈ Â ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ×ÅËÎÂÅ×ÅÑÒÂÀ................................................ 46
2. ÒÐÈ ÒÈÏÀ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÀ...................................................................................................................................... 47
3. ÊÎÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈß Â «ÏÅÐÂÎÉ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÅ»................................................................................. 48
4. ÐÀÄÈÊÀËÜÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÂÎ «ÂÒÎÐÎÉ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÅ»........................................................ 49
5. ÂËÈßÍÈÅ ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß ÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ È ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÉ ÍÀ ÆÈÇÍÜ ËÞÄÅÉ....................................... 51
V. ÂËÈßÍÈÅ ÍÀÓÊÈ ÍÀ ÐÅËÈÃÈÎÇÍÎÅ ÂÎÑÏÐÈßÒÈÅ ÌÈÐÀ............................ 54
1. ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÅ Ê ÐÅËÈÃÈÈ Â ÂÅÊ ÍÒÏ........................................................................................................ 54
2. ÏÎÒÐÅÁÍÎÑÒÜ Â ÄÈÀËÎÃÅ............................................................................................................................ 58
3. ÒÐÓÄÍÎÑÒÈ ÂÎ ÂÇÀÈÌÎÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈßÕ................................................................................................ 58
4. ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈÅ ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÉ Î ÌÈÐÅ È ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ «ÌÎÄÅËÅÉ» ÁÎÃÀ................................ 60
5. ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÒÅÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÎÍÖÅÏÖÈÈ ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß ÌÈÐÀ È ÐÎËÈ ÁÎÃÀ  ÍÅÌ 62
6. ÂÅÐÎßÒÍÎÑÒÍÛÉ ÌÈÐ È ÍÎÂÛÅ «ÌÎÄÅËÈ» ÁÎÃÀ.......................................................................... 64
7. ÂÎÇÌÎÆÍÎÑÒÈ ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÈ.................................................................................................................... 67
ÐÀÇÄÅË II................................................................................................................................ 70
VI. ÍÀÓÊÀ È ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÈß.............................................................................................. 71
1. ÏÎÇÈÖÈß ÌÅÕÀÍÈÑÒÎÂ................................................................................................................................ 73
2. ÂÇÃËßÄÛ ÏÎÇÈÒÈÂÈÑÒÎÂ............................................................................................................................ 74
3. «ÊÎÏÅÐÍÈÊÀÍÑÊÈÉ ÏÎÂÎÐÎÒ» Â ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÈÈ................................................................................. 78
4. ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÈß ÊÀÊ ÀÍÀËÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÄÅßÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ.................................................................... 81
5. ÏÐÎÒÈÂÎÑÒÎßÍÈÅ ÏÎÇÈÒÈÂÈÇÌÓ.......................................................................................................... 83
VII. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÇÍÀÍÈß.......................................................................... 85
1. ÝÌÏÈÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ È ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÓÐÎÂÍÈ ÇÍÀÍÈß................................................................. 86
2. ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ...................................................................................................... 88
3. ÂÇÀÈÌÎÑÂßÇÜ ÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÛÕ ÓÐÎÂÍÅÉ ÇÍÀÍÈß................................................................................ 92
4. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÉ ÄÈÑÖÈÏËÈÍÛ..................................................................................................... 93
5. ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÇÍÀÍÈß È ÅÃÎ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ.............................................................................. 97
VIII. ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß.......................................................... 98
1. «ÇÍÀÒÜ, ×ÒÎÁÛ ÏÐÅÄÂÈÄÅÒÜ».................................................................................................................... 98
2. Ý. ÌÀÕ Î ÑÒÀÒÓÑÅ ÎÏÈÑÀÍÈß Â ÍÀÓÊÅ............................................................................................... 99
3. «ÎÑÍÎÂÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÎÁÚßÑÍÅÍÈß».......................................................................... 101
4. ßÂËßÅÒÑß ËÈ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑ ÎÁÚßÑÍÅÍÈß ÄÅÄÓÊÒÈÂÍÛÌ?.......................................................... 103
5. ÊÀÊÎÉ ÂÈÄ ÎÁÚßÑÍÅÍÈß ÃËÀÂÍÅÅ?.................................................................................................. 105
6. ÏÎ×ÅÌÓ ÊÎËÎÊÎËÀ ÇÂÎÍßÒ ÍÀ ÏÀÑÕÓ?........................................................................................... 107
7. ÎÁÚßÑÍÅÍÈÅ ÁÅÇ ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈß. ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ ÁÅÇ ÎÁÚßÑÍÅÍÈß........................................ 108
8. È ÂÑÅ-ÒÀÊÈ ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ!......................................................................................................................... 109
9. «ÎÑÍÎÂÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÏÐÅÄÂÈÄÅÍÈß»........................................................................ 113
10. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÀ ÏÐÅÄÂÈÄÅÍÈß............................................................................................. 114
11. ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐ ÏÐÎÃÍÎÇÀ.................................................................................................................................. 115
12. ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈß ÏÐÅÄÂÈÄÅÍÈß................................................................................................................... 116
IX. ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÀ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÏÎÇÍÀÍÈß..................................... 118
1. Â ÏÎÈÑÊÀÕ ËÎÃÈÊÈ ÎÒÊÐÛÒÈß.............................................................................................................. 118
2. ÊÐÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÀÐÃÓÌÅÍÒÛ...................................................................................................................... 123
3. ÎÒ ËÎÃÈÊÈ ÎÒÊÐÛÒÈß Ê ËÎÃÈÊÅ ÏÎÄÒÂÅÐÆÄÅÍÈß................................................................... 126
4. ÔÀËÜÑÈÔÈÖÈÐÓÅÌÎÑÒÜ ÊÀÊ ÊÐÈÒÅÐÈÉ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÑÒÈ............................................................... 128
5. ÊÎÍÖÅÏÖÈß «ÒÐÅÒÜÅÃÎ ÌÈÐÀ» Ê. ÏÎÏÏÅÐÀ..................................................................................... 129
6. ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÅ ÐÅÂÎËÞÖÈÈ, ÏÀÐÀÄÈÃÌÛ È ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÅ ÑÎÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÀ........................................ 132
7. ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃÈß ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÑÊÈÕ ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌ..................................................................... 134
X. ÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÈ È ÍÎÂÀÖÈÈ Â ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈÈ ÍÀÓÊÈ.................................................... 138
1. ÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÎÍÍÎÑÒÜ ÍÀÓÊÈ È ÂÈÄÛ ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÕ ÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÉ........................................................ 139
2. ÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÈ È ÍÎÂÀÖÈÈ................................................................................................................................ 148
3. ÍÎÂÀÖÈÈ È ÂÇÀÈÌÎÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ ÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÉ...................................................................................... 153
XI. ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÅ ÐÅÂÎËÞÖÈÈ.......................................................................................... 161
1. ÍÎÂÛÅ ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÎÍÖÅÏÖÈÈ................................................................................................. 162
2. ÍÎÂÛÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß......................................................................................................... 164
3. ÎÒÊÐÛÒÈÅ ÍÎÂÛÕ «ÌÈÐλ..................................................................................................................... 166
4. ÐÅÂÎËÞÖÈÈ È ÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÈ.......................................................................................................................... 169
XII. ÏÐÈÐÎÄÀ ÔÓÍÄÀÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÛÕ ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÕ ÎÒÊÐÛÒÈÉ............................ 171
1. ÄÂÀ ÐÎÄÀ ÎÒÊÐÛÒÈÉ.................................................................................................................................... 171
2. ÈÑÒÎÐÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÎÁÓÑËÎÂËÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ ÔÓÍÄÀÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÛÕ ÎÒÊÐÛÒÈÉ.......................... 173
3. ÃÅËÈÎÖÅÍÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÊÎÏÅÐÍÈÊÀ............................................................................... 175
4. ÃÅÎÌÅÒÐÈß ËÎÁÀ×ÅÂÑÊÎÃÎ.................................................................................................................... 177
5. ÎÒÊÐÛÒÈÅ Ã. ÌÅÍÄÅËß............................................................................................................................... 182
XIII. ÐÅÄÓÊÖÈÎÍÈÇÌ: ÅÃÎ ÂÎÇÌÎÆÍÎÑÒÈ È ÃÐÀÍÈÖÛ................................. 187
1. ÑÒÐÅÌËÅÍÈÅ Ê ÑÈÍÒÅÇÓ........................................................................................................................... 187
2. ÓÑÏÅÕÈ ÐÅÄÓÊÖÈÎÍÈÇÌÀ........................................................................................................................ 188
3. ÊÀÊ ÎÁÎÑÍÎÂÛÂÀÅÒÑß ÐÅÄÓÊÖÈÎÍÈÇÌ?....................................................................................... 190
4. ÀÐÃÓÌÅÍÒÛ ÏÐÎÒÈÂ ÐÅÄÓÊÖÈÎÍÈÇÌÀ............................................................................................. 190
5. ÊÎÍÒÓÐÛ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎÉ ÊÀÐÒÈÍÛ ÌÈÐÀ....................................................................................... 197
6. ÅÄÈÍÑÒÂÎ ÍÀÓÊÈ È ÅÅ ÌÍÎÃÎÎÁÐÀÇÈÅ........................................................................................... 199
XIV. ÈÄÅÀËÛ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÑÒÈ............................................................................................ 200
1. ×ÒÎ ÒÀÊÎÅ ÈÄÅÀË ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÑÒÈ?............................................................................................................ 200
2. ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈß ÊËÀÑÑÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÉ Î ÍÀÓÊÅ...................................................... 201
3. ÔÎÐÌÛ ÊËÀÑÑÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÈÄÅÀËÀ........................................................................................................ 205
4. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÍÀÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß ÊÐÈÒÈÊÈ.................................................................................................. 212
5. Â ÏÎÈÑÊÀÕ ÀËÜÒÅÐÍÀÒÈÂ........................................................................................................................ 221
ÐÀÇÄÅË III............................................................................................................................ 227
XV. ÑÒÀÒÓÑ È ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÍÀÓÊÈ......................................................... 228
1. ÇÀ×ÅÌ ÍÓÆÍÀ ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ?.......................................................................................................... 228
2. ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ ÒÎÆÅ ÈÌÅÅÒ ÑÂÎÞ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÞ........................................................................... 229
3. «ÊÀÊ ÝÒÎ ÁÛËÎ?»............................................................................................................................................ 231
4. «ÏÐÅÇÅÍÒÈÇÌ» È «ÀÍÒÈÊÂÀÐÈÇÌ» - ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÄÈËÅÌÌÀ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÊÎ-ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÏÎÇÍÀÍÈß............................................................................................................................................................................ 233
5. ÎÒÊÐÛË ËÈ ÊÎËÓÌÁ ÀÌÅÐÈÊÓ?............................................................................................................. 234
6. «ÊÈÌÌÅÐÈÉÑÊÈÅ ÒÅÍÈ» Â ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÏÎÇÍÀÍÈß.......................................................................... 238
7. ÒÎ×ÊÀ ÇÐÅÍÈß ÊÎËËÈÍÃÂÓÄÀ................................................................................................................ 239
8. ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏ ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÈ Â ÈÑÒÎÐÈÊÎ-ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÌ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÈ.................... 241
9. ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ È ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ............................................................................................ 243
XVI. ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÀÑÏÅÊÒÛ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÍÀÓÊÈ.................................................. 247
1. ÄÈÑÊÓÑÑÈÈ ÈÍÒÅÐÍÀËÈÑÒÎÂ È ÝÊÑÒÅÐÍÀËÈÑÒÎÂ.................................................................. 247
2. ÎÁÙÅÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈÅ Â ÏÎÇÈÖÈßÕ ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÎÏÏÎÍÅÍÒÎÂ.......................... 249
3. ÅÑÒÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎ-ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÅ ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈÇÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ È ÏÎÍßÒÈÅ ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÑÒÈ............... 251
4. ÌÅÕÀÍÈÇÌ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀÊÀÇÀ............................................................................. 253
5. ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÈß Â ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÕ ÈÄÅÉ......................................................................................... 254
6. ÐÀÇÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÈÅ ÔÎÐÌ ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÛÕ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÉ Â ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÍÀÓÊÈ............................. 257
7. ÌÈÊÐÎÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß.................................................................................. 259
8. ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÅ ÑÎÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ............................................................................................................................. 261
XVII. ÎÁÙÈÅ ÌÎÄÅËÈ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÍÀÓÊÈ................................................................. 265
1. ÊÓÌÓËßÒÈÂÈÑÒÑÊÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ.............................................................................................................. 265
2. ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÅ ÐÅÂÎËÞÖÈÈ Â ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÍÀÓÊÈ...................................................................................... 271
3. «ÊÅÉÑ ÑÒÀÄÈÑ» ÊÀÊ ÌÅÒÎÄ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß................................................................................ 283
ÐÀÇÄÅË IV............................................................................................................................ 292
XVIII. ÍÎÐÌÛ È ÖÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÑÎÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÀ.................................... 293
1. ÍÎÐÌÛ È ÖÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÍÀÓÊÈ.................................................................................................................... 293
2. ÍÀÓÊÀ È ÖÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÀ............................................................................................................ 295
3. ÍÎÐÌÀÒÈÂÍÎ-ÖÅÍÍÎÑÒÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÃÎ ÑÎÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÀ..................................... 298
4. Ó×ÅÍÛÉ È ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÅ ÑÎÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ...................................................................................................... 301
5. ÀÂÒÎÍÎÌÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ..................................................................................................................................... 303
XIX. ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÀËÈÇÀÖÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ Â ÖÅÍÍÎÑÒÍÎÌ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈÈ................... 306
1. ÑÒÀÍÎÂËÅÍÈÅ ÍÀÓÊÈ ÊÀÊ ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒÀ.......................................................... 306
2. ÍÀÓÊÀ È ÈÄÅÎËÎÃÈß ÏÐÎÑÂÅÙÅÍÈß................................................................................................. 309
3. ÍÀÓÊÀ, ÒÅÕÍÈÊÀ, ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ....................................................................................................... 310
4. ÏÐÅÂÐÀÙÅÍÈÅ ÍÀÓÊÈ Â ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÓÞ ÑÔÅÐÓ ÄÅßÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÈ........................ 313
5. ÁÐÅÌß ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÉ ÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ....................................................................................... 316
XX. ÝÒÈÊÀ ÍÀÓÊÈ È ÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ Ó×ÅÍÎÃÎ........................................... 319
1. ÇÍÀÍÈÅ ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ È ÄËß ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ.................................................................................................. 319
2. ÍÎÐÌÛ ÍÀÓ×ÍÎÉ ÄÅßÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÈ....................................................................................................... 320
3. ÝÒÎÑ ÍÀÓÊÈ...................................................................................................................................................... 323
4. ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÀß ÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ Ó×ÅÍÎÃÎ.................................................................................. 324
5. ÎÁÚÅÊÒÈÂÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß ÍÀÓÊÈ È ÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ Ó×ÅÍÎÃÎ................. 329
6. ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÑÈËÛ È ÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ Ó×ÅÍÎÃÎ................................................................ 331
7. ÄÎËÆÍÀ ËÈ ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÈÂÀÒÜÑß ÑÂÎÁÎÄÀ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÉ?................................................. 333
ÈÌÅÍÍÎÉ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÜ................................................................................................... 337
ÏÅÐÑÎÍÀËÈÈ.................................................................................................................... 348
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ...................................................................................................................... 389
ÐÀÇÄÅË I
(5)
(6)
I. Îáðàç íàóêè
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