 |
АвтоАвтоматизацияАрхитектураАстрономияАудитБиологияБухгалтерияВоенное делоГенетикаГеографияГеологияГосударствоДомДругоеЖурналистика и СМИИзобретательствоИностранные языкиИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКомпьютерыКулинарияКультураЛексикологияЛитератураЛогикаМаркетингМатематикаМашиностроениеМедицинаМенеджментМеталлы и СваркаМеханикаМузыкаНаселениеОбразованиеОхрана безопасности жизниОхрана ТрудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПриборостроениеПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРадиоРегилияСвязьСоциологияСпортСтандартизацияСтроительствоТехнологииТорговляТуризмФизикаФизиологияФилософияФинансыХимияХозяйствоЦеннообразованиеЧерчениеЭкологияЭконометрикаЭкономикаЭлектроникаЮриспунденкция
Phraseological stability – the degree of independence of a phraseological unity, its self-containment, reproducibility of the combination as a set phrase
Phraseological unit / set expression / idiom – a complex word-equivalent in which the globality of nomination reigns supreme over the formal separability of elements. It is reproduced in speech. – See Idiom proper
Typology of ph.us. (according to the degree of motivation):
- unities, phraseological (q.v.);
- combinations, phraseological (q.v.);
- fusions, phraseological (q.v.).
Picture of the world conception – See Linguistic picture of the world
Pidgin – a language with a greatly reduced vocabulary and a simplified grammar, often based on a western European language. A p. is a linguistic adaptation to nonintimate contact and remains in existence as long as it is required for communication. Ps. usually arise as methods of communication between groups that have no language in common; the ps. in some instances later become established first or second languages of one of the groups involved. Some examples of p. are Chinese Pidgin English, Haitian French Creole, and Melanesian Pidgin English.
Plane of content – See Signified
Plane of expression – See Signifier
Poetic diction – 1. a style of poetry; 2. poetic vocabulary, words of highly elevated style of poetry.
Political correctness – a strong tendency in language usage to avoid words which would cause offence on the part of the communicants on different reasons. The replacement of offensive or potentially offensive vocabulary with ‘politically correct’ euphemistic phrases is highly recommended. Terms should be avoided which convey an impression of over-generalization, describing people as though they were merely instances of a particular feature, or especially imposing on them a depreciatory stereotype. One should certainly avoid abbreviated colloquial forms referring to race (e.g. Paki, Jap); the term race is itself best avoided, except in strictly anthropological contexts, in favour of nation, people, ethnic group, community. Words referring to racial type or to physical or mental handicap which have been used as terms of abuse, or have been associated with discrimination, are frequently therefore avoided even in their original neutral senses. The use of adjectives rather than nouns in describing groups is usually preferable (e.g. the Hispanic community not the Hispanics; disabled people not the disabled). – See Bias words; Sexism; Euphemism
Polyfunctionality – the functional shift of lexico-grammatical characteristics of certain words as a result of their ability to be used as different parts of speech, which is peculiar to the English language with its strong isolating tendencies. E.g. He is amusing himself by looking at old photos vs. an amusing story. – See Polystatutness.
Polysemantic/polysemous word – a word which has more than one meaning.
Polysemy – diversity of meanings; the existence within one lexeme of several connected meanings as a result of semantic development. Linguistic phenomenon when one item of the plane of expression corresponds to two or more items of the plane of content, which, in their turn preserve semantic links. – See Homonymy
Polysemy, disintegration of – See Split of polysemy
Polystatutness/polystatusness – the ability of an English word to have several part-of-speech statuses on the systemic level which is actualised on the level of realization in the phenomenon of polyfunctionality. The phenomenon of ps. is backed up by poor morphology of the English language and serves the evidence to the fact that the language typology is changing as more and more islolating tendencies are showing up. E.g. the word round has several statuses – of a noun, a verb, an adjective, a preposition and an adverb; the word proper can function as an adjective and as an adverb. – See Polyfunctionality
Polyword – a conventional phrase (sometimes a sentence) which functions as a word sharing its specific characteristic of reproducibility – greetings, conversational openers, conversational gap-fillers, etc. E.g. in a nutshell, to tell the truth, how do you do.
Portmanteau words – See Blending
Positional mobility – characteristic of a word which means that a word can move relatively freely (depending upon the word-order type of the language) within an utterance as compared with morphemes which can not move freely within the boundaries of an utterance.
Pragmalinguistics – the study of the language from the point of view of language users (their objectives, communicative purposes, communicative behaviour and communicative effects).
Pragmatics – 1) according to Ch.Morris, one of the three dimensions of the sign (syntax, semantics, pragmatics), 'sign↔user' relationships; 2) general study of language from the point of the user, its intentions, verbal behaviour, etc.
Pragmasemantics – the study of pragmatic component of meaning – the part of the word (phrase or sentence) semantics, reflecting human attitudes, intentions, evaluations and assessments of objects denoted by words.
Prefix – the morpheme followed by the root morpheme.
Productivity – creative capability of the language which is realized on different levels of the language:
1) grammatical productivity – concerns the appearance of new phrases; the ability of a word/phrase to be brought together to form a word combination/sentence after a certain syntactic pattern; grammatical productivity is the result of combinatorial possibilities inherent in words, phrases and sentences;
2) conceptual productivity – concerns the appearance of figurative senses: is the result of combinatorial possibilities inherent in lexical and sentential concepts, based on compatibility of concepts;
3) lexical/morphemic productivity – concerns the appearance of new words the ability of language material to be used to form (after specific patterns) new, occasional or potential words which are readily understood by the speakers of a language. According to the degree of automation of linguocreative processes p. can be:
- automatic (absolute) – naturally triggered process of producing grammatically and semantically coherent stretches of sounds or graphical symbols;
- limited (partial) – restricted (by various reasons)ability of some patterns to serve as models for new creations (semantic, lexical, syntactic, morphological);
- semi-productivity – same as limited/partial p. – See Acceptability
Productive -able to form new words/phrases/meanings which are understood by the speakers of a language.
Professionalisms – lexical units pertaining to the sphere of professional communication (shoptalk). – See Jargon; Professional jargon
Professional jargon – type of special vocabulary and instances of its use covering professionally specific nominations and areas of communication. Can be formal and informal, includes both special terminology and slang (e.g. airspeak, copspeak, etc.).
Profile – opp. to Base, similar to figure (q.v.). – See Cognitive semantics; Domain
Proper names – names of unique objects (people, places, companies, magazines, newspapers, films and the like, characterized by peculiar referential function and the absence of significative component of lexical meaning. – See Anthroponym, Toponym
Propositional structure/proposition – a type of concept (q.v.), most wide-spread means of conceptual structuring of our knowledge. This is a model of a particular sphere of our experience, which comprises a basic predicate and its arguments. Their characteristics and the type of connection are specified. Semantic relationship between them is represented as a set of semantic functions: agent, patient, experiencer, benefactive, instrument. etc. Verbal means of expressing this type of concept are sentences.
Prototype – a categorial concept which presents an understanding and image of a typical representative of a category: These are typical examples, social stereotypes, ideals, samples, patterns. – See Prototype theory
Prototype theory – an approach to categorization which posits the prototypical principle in categorial structure. The entities are organized in categories on the basis of their similarity with the best representative of the category (a prototype). P.t. views categories as sets with blurred edges, permeable or overlapping boundaries, comprising central (nuclear) elements, which share most characteristics with the prototype and marginal (peripheral) members which may at the same time enter another category. – See Prototype; Prototypicality effect
Поиск по сайту: