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Non-semantic grouping – grouping of words on non-semantic principles (alphabetical order, rhyming principle, morphological basis, etc.)
Nonce-word – an occasional word created for a current situation of communication and not appearing further on except for stylistic, quotational or advertizing purposes (e.g. alcoholiday, bagonize, clickability).
Norm/linguistic norm – standard variety of language; set of units, usage patterns, accepted by the majority of the community and called literary norm of the language. – See Variation; Variants
Notion – 1) a term, synonymous to concept (q.v.); 2) a type of concept (q.v.),reflects basic, essentialfeatures of an object – its objective, logically constructed features, logical pro forma. When you can't visualise the object" – mile, etymology, distance, time, kindness, etc.. – you give only a verbal definition of the n. Can not be represented by a picture. Such conceptual features can be also represented by personal names which they become common nouns – Don Quixote, Hitler, Robin Hood, Cicero.
O
Obsolete word – a word which dropped out from the language. – See Archaism; Historism; Obsolescent word.
Obsolescent word – a word which is on the verge of dropping out from current use by language speakers.
Occasional word – See Word, occasional
Onomasiological analysis/approach – the study of lexical units from the point of view of how certain conceptual content is reflected in lexical meanings; 'content à form' approach; analysis of cases of synonymy and antonymy; opposite to semasiological analysis (q.v.).
Onomasiology – branch of linguisticsstudying linguistic means and methods of nominating objects of reality, means of verbalization of conceptual entities.
Onomatopoeia/sound imitation – 1. the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle); 2. the use of such words.
Onomatopoeic words – words formed by means of sound imitation, onomatopeia (q.v.).
Opaque idiom – See idiom
Opposition – a difference between two (or more) homogeneous units which is capable of fulfilling a semiological function, i.e. a semiologically relevant difference. Typology of os.:
- binary/tertiary o.;
- equipollent/privative o.;
- lexical o.;
- polydimensional o.;
- proportional o.;
- synonymic o.
Oppositive relationships in lexis – semantic relationship between lexical units which meanings contain elements which can be contrasted on different bases (e.g.antonymic and conversive relationships). – See Antonyms; Conversives
Origin of borrowing – the term refers to the language to which a loan word can be traced. – See Borrowing; Source of borrowing
Overtone – See Connotation; Implication
Oxymora – pl. from Oxymoron (q.v.)
Oxymoron – a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g. faith unfaithful kept him falsely true).Anegimplicational combination of explicational type (See Explicational combinations) when the explicant (q.v.) denotes a feature belonging to negative implicational part of the semantics of the explicandum (q.v.). – See Figurative language; Implicational component of meaning
P
Paradigm – 1).the system of the grammatical forms of a word; 2). lexico-semantic p. – a contrastive set of lexical items capable of replacing the item under analysis in all its contexts.
Paradigmatic – See Paradigmatics
Paradigmatics – 1) associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language as distinct from linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech (syntagmatics); relation of units in absentia (e.g. synonymic, antonymic relationships); 2) an approach to language when the elements of its system are regarded as associated units joined by oppositional relationship.
Paralinguistics – study of non-linguistic (paralinguistic) elements of communication, which contribute to the exchange of information (gestures, bodily movements, facial expressions, etc.)
Parasynthetic word-formation – See Compound, derivational c.
Paronymy (from Gr. 'para' – 'beside' + 'noma' – 'name') – linguistic phenomenon of seeming coincidence of words in form which can lead either to confusion, malapropism (improper use of words) or stylistic usage (e.g. addresser vs. addressee).
Paronyms – words which are kindred in origin, sound form and meaning and therefore liable to be mixed but in fact different in meaning and usage and therefore only mistakenly interchanged (e.g. ingenuous, ingenious). The likeness may not be caused by common origin but be purely accidental (affect vs effect). – See Paronymy
Paronymic attraction – when words are confused with other words on the basis of their similarity (e.g. sporadic – spasmodic).
Partitives – words which semantics contains part/whole semes. – See Holonyms; Meronyms
Parts of speech – classes into which words of a language are divided by virtue of their having a) certain general (abstract, categorial) meaning underlying their concrete lexical meaning; b) a system of grammatical categories characteristic of this class; c) specific syntactic functions; d) special types of form-building and word formation.
Pejoration of meaning – also deterioration/degradation of meaning; a type of semanticshift (attitudinal shift) (q.v.) undergone by words as their referents come down the social scale (which is connected with the change in denotation), involving the appearance of a derogatory and scornful emotive tone (which is connected with the change in connotation). Opp. to amelioration of meaning (q.v.). E.g. 'clown' once meant 'peasant', 'farmer'; 'villain': 'farm servant' > 'scoundrel'. P. reflects certain prototypical schemes of semantic change: e.g. nationality word à pejorative term; name of a country dweller à pejorative term, etc. – See Semantic change
Pejorative meaning – derogatory attitude rendered by the semantics of the word (its evaluative connotations). – See Connotation
Percept – a type of concept (q.v.), concrete perceptible image, the image of a concrete object or phenomenon in our mind (a certain telephone, automobile, etc.) Concrete-perceptive image is rendered by the meaning of most words which contain concrete, perceptive outer characteristics of objects: e.g. anvil – a heavy block of iron on which a smith hammers heated metal into shape. Sometimes ps. are rendered with the help of pictures (pictorial dictionaries). The names of prototypes (a sparrow as a typical bird) and concrete objects (Prince Charles, Winston Churchill) also render concrete-perceptive concepts.
Phrasal verbs – verbs with postpositional elements (originally prepositions) – sit up, look for, slow down, etc. – See size-of-unit problem
Phrase/ word combination – a free combination of lexical units based on their semantic and syntactic valency. Typology of phs.:
- explicational combinations – subordinate phrases, the entities denoted by the components represent an object and its property – white snow, free will, cry desperately. Semantico-syntactic relationship is defined as explication and the arguments as explicant (name of the property) and explicandum (name of the object);
- elisional combinations – phrases, neither of the components of which denote particular characteristics of one another but represent a certain relationship between the two objects denoted by the elements of the combination without naming the relationship itself (which is elicited – hence the term) – my friend's dog; century turn.
Phraseological models – patterns in phraseological derivation (q.v.) according to which phraseological units are formed.
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