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в рамках прагматических операций при переводе?Прагматические аспекты перевода
Литература:
И.С. Алексеева. Введение в переводоведение. – СпбГУ и «Академия», 2004 (стр.171-201) В.Н.Комиссаров. Теория перевода. М. Высшая школа 1990 (стр. 209-226) Н.К. Гарбовский. Теория перевода. мГУ, 2004 стр. 228-236,, 302 310, 390-398, 506 -536 С.В.Тюленев. Теория перевода М. Гардарики, 2004. c. 204-215 А.В.Федоров. Основы общей теории перевода. – М., 1973 (стр. 244-274)
Judith Lavoie. Mark Twain vs. William-Little Hughes.The transformation of a great American novel. In: Translation – Reflections, Refractions, Transformations John Benjamins Publishing CompanyAmsterdam_/_Philadelphia
1. Какие типы семиотических отношений лежат в основе переводческих преобразований текста? В чем состоит суть каждого из них? 2. Почему в переводе структура прагматических отношений знака осложняется? Какие параметры текста в теории перевода рассматриваются в рамках прагматических операций при переводе? 4.Каким приемом воспользовался переводчик в нижеприведенном отрывке для достижения адекватности перевода? Почему мы относим такие преобразования в тексте перевода к разряду прагматических?
Широко известны и калининградские музеи. Это и единственный в России Музей янтаря, и уникальный Музей Мирового океана со знаменитым «Витязем».
Other museums in the capital city are no less famous, such as the unique Amber Museum and the Museum of the World Ocean with its main exhibit “The Vityaz” - the celebrated oceanographic flagship. 5. Переведите следующие отрывки и обоснуйте свои решения.
(а) Christmas trees
More than seven million Christmas trees are grown and sold in the UK each year, most ending up as landfill. In 2001, according to Defra, 7.5 million Christmas trees were bought and only 1.2 million were recycled. The other 6 million or so created enough waste to fill the Albert Hall three times over. The obvious answer is not to have one. But if that's too bah humbug, too depressing, make your own. Vicki Hird, senior food campaigner at Friends of the Earth, cuts one out of cardboard and gets her children to paint it green. She concedes that that's not for everyone, "but it's quite fun for the children".
(б) It was the year before the first (to my knowledge) anti-Vietnam peace march; it was roughly four years before the great hippie explosion, and five years before the onset of the early-1970s wave of feminism. Miniskirts had not yet arrived; pantihose were approaching, but I don't believe they had as yet squeezed out the indigenous population of garter-belts and stockings. In hair, something called the bubble-cut was favoured: women rolled their hair in big bristle-filled rollers to achieve a smoothly swollen look, as if someone had inserted a tube into one of their ears and blown up their heads like balloons. I indulged in this practice too, though with mixed results, since my hair was ferociously curly. At best it resembled a field of weeds gone over with a lawn roller - still squiggly, though somewhat mashed. At worst it looked as if I'd stuck my finger in a light socket. This silhouette was later to become stylish, but was not so yet. As a result I went in for head scarves, of the Queen-Elizabeth-at-Balmoral type. Paired with the slanty-eyed, horned-rimmed glasses I wore in an attempt to take myself seriously, they were not at all flattering. (Tour-de-farce by Margaret Atwood)
(в) “Curouser and curiouser, as the paedophilic mathematician wrote in his book for children, Dr Michael Smart notes cleverly to himself.” (The Accidental by Ali Smith)
6. Речь художника Бермана в рассказе О. Генри «Последний лист», немца по происхождению, сохраняет некоторые особенности немецкого языка, вкрапленные в общий контекст его высказываний: "Vass! - he cried. - Is dere people in de world nut der foolishness to die because leafs dey drop off from a confounded vine? I haf not heard of such a thing. Vy do you allow dot silly pusiness to come in der prain of her? Ach, dot poor leetle Miss Johnsy!" Как оригинал передает немецкий акцент? Нашли ли свое отражение отмеченные «национальные» особенности речи персонажа в переводе Н. Дарузес, приведенном ниже. «Что! - кричал он. — Возможна ли такая глупость — умирать от того, что листья падают с проклятого плюща! Первый раз слыщу... Как вы позволяете ей забивать голову такой чепухой? Ах, бедная маленькая мисс Джонси!»
7. Социолингвистический фактор в прагматическом аспекте текста проявляется через диалекты, контаминированнаую речь и прочие средства характеризации персонажа. Какие уровни языка вовлечены в создание речевого портрета героя? Подробно рассмотрите примеры ниже и в путкте (а) проведите контрастивный анализ и оцените адекватность перевода; в остальные примеры проанализируйте и предложите переводческое решение для каждого случая.
(а) It is yoke?' asks Tankic, turning to her. It seems wise to conclude the occasion, to raise the glass, to propose a toast, and what better than to language? 'To language,' he says, 'The words that bring us all here, and bring us closer together.' 'Well, it is not so good a speech,' says Katya Princip, squeezing his arm as he sits down, 'I am ignorant about your milk production much as I was before. But I like very much your toast. You see, I can drink it.' .
— Это шутк? — спрашивает Танкич — Вероятно, самое время вывести мораль, поднять бокал, сказать тост, а за что предлагать тост, как не за язык? За язык, — говорит Петворт. — За слова, которые объединяют нас и сближают. — Не очень хорошая речь, — говорит Катя Принцип, сжимая Петворту руку, когда тот садится. — Я по-прежнему ничего не знаю про ваши надои. Но тост мне понравился. Я могу его выпить. (Малькольм Брэдбери, «Ообменные курсы»)
(б) Is de gempmun gone? Huccome you din' ast dem ter stay fer supper. Whar's your mannares?" (Gone with the Wind)
(в) 'Don't you call Able Wynder *po" white". Sure he's poor, but he ain't trash: and I’m damned if I’ll have any man, darky or white, throwing off on him.'(Gone with the Wind)
(г)What Happened to Mе on Mу Holiday (for Elias Fawcett, 1978-1996) by M. Amis
A derrible thing habbened do me on my haliday. A harrible thing, and a bermanend thing. Id won'd be the zame, ever again. Bud virzd I'd bedder zay: don'd banig! I'm nad zuvvering vram brain damage—or vram adenoids. And I gan wride bedder than thiz when I wand do. Bud I don 'd wand do. Nad vor now. Led me egsblain. I am halve English and halve Amerigan. My mum is Amerigan and my dad is English. I go do zgool in London and my bronunziation is English—glear, even vaindly Agzonian, the zame as my dad's. Amerigans avden zeem zurbrised do hear an eleven-year-old who zbeegs as I zbeeg. Grandaddy Jag, who is Amerigan, admids thad he vinds id unganny. As iv suj an agzend requires grade ganzendration even vram grownubs, led alone jildren. Amerigans zeem to zuzbegd thad the English relags and zbeeg Amerigan behind glozed doors. Shouding oud, on their redurn, "Honey, I'm home!" My other grandvather veld divverendly: English, do him, was the more najural voize. Zo thiz zdory is vor them, doo, as well as vor Eliaz. I dell id thiz way—in zargazdig. Ameriganese—begaz I don'd wand id do be glear: do be all grizb and glear. There is thiz zdrange resizdanze. There is thiz zdrange resizdanze.
10. Найдите способы перевести следующие слова и словосочетания:
квартирный вопрос За держaву обидно Интеллигентный человек КВН Евроремонт Иномарка
Какого рода прагматическая информация содержится в каждом из этих выражений? Как будет зависеть выбор переводческой стратегии от конкретного прагматического параметра?
Сложности в переводе могут быть обусловлены как внутриязыковыми законами, так и экстралингвистическими факторами. Какой из случаев иллюстрирует следующий пример? Почему мы рассматриваем в разряде прагматических проблем перевода? A panda walks into a café. He orders a sandwich, eats it, then draws a gun and fires two shots in the air. “Why?” asks the confused waiter, as the panda makes towards the exit. The panda produces a badly punctuated wildlife manual and tosses it over his shoulder. “I’m a panda,” he says at the door. “Look it up.” The waiter reads: “Panda. Large black-and-white bear-like mammal, native to China. Eats, shoots and leaves.”
9. Прокомментируйте средства сохранения (или смещения) стилистического регистра в следующем переводе отрывка из Собачьего сердца М. Булгакова.
(а)Пожарные ужинают кашей, как вам известно. Но эти - Последнее дело, вроде грибов. Знакомые псы с Пречистенки, впрочем, рассказывали, будто бы на Неглинном в ресторане "Бар" жрут дежурное блюдо - грибы, соус пикан по 3 р. 75 к. порция. Это дело на любителя, все равно, что калошу лизать... У-у~у~у~у...
Firemen have soup for supper, you know. Not that I care for it myself. I can manage without soup - don't like mushrooms either. The dogs I know in Prechistenka Street, by the way, tell me there's a restaurant in Neglinny Street where they get the chef's special very day - mushroom stew with relish at 3 roubles and 75 kopecks the portion. All right for connoisseur, I suppose. I think eating mushrooms is about as tasty as licking a pair of galoshes... Oow-owowow
(б)...а у Мертвого переулка - какой-то долговязый с обрубленным хвостом дворняга облаял его "барской сволочью" и "шестеркой".
...and at Myortvy Street a shaggy mongrel with a docked tail barked at him that he was a 'master's pet' and a'lackey'
10. Прочтите отрывок из романа Информация М. Эмиса и попробуйте перевести выделенную часть. Каким приемом (приемами) пользуются переводчики для достижения адекватности в таких случаях? И что это за случай? Representationally, though, this isn't the difficulty. The representational difficulty posed by Demi has to do with the way she speaks: the way she puts sentences together. For some reason it is the destiny of Richard Tull to be surrounded by idioglots. Idioglots with their idiolects. Demi's linguistic quirk is essentially and definingly female. It just is. Drawing in breath to denounce this proposition, women will often come out with something like 'Up you!' or 'Ballshit!' For I am referring to Demi's use of the conflated or mangled catchphrase - Demi's speech-bargains: she wanted two for the price of one. The result was expressive, and you usually knew what she meant, given the context. But here's the difficulty. In fictional prose the idiolect spells trouble because the novelist, subliminally trained to reveal character through action, duly contorts his narrative to provide cute walk-ons for the next spoonerism, malapropism, pleonasm. Better, in my view, just to make a list. So Demi said 'vicious snowball' and 'quicksand wit' and 'up gum street'; she said 'worried stiff' and 'beyond contempt' (though not 'beneath belief); she said 'on its death legs' and 'hubbub of activity' and 'what's with it with her?' and 'tell him no flat out'; she said 'none of my luck' and 'when it comes down to the crunch'; she said 'greaseboat' (as opposed, presumably, to 'dreamball'); she said 'he lost his top' and 'she blew her rag'; she said 'he coughed up' (he confessed) and 'she fluffed it' (she killed herself). Once, just once, she murmured, 'Sorry. I was talking aloud.' Demi also pronounced her rs as u s, but I don't think I'm even going to begin to attempt that.
11. В одной из статей о защите окружающей среды встретился следующий отрывок: “ Mandate, regulate, litigate.” That has been the green mantra. Н ужно ли – и почему - сохранить ритм и рифму в переводе, и как это сделать?
16. В следующих отрывках из Собачьего сердца М. Булгакова переводчики по-разному толкуют прагматическую значимость реалий.
(а)- Почему же вы - труженик? - Да уж известно - не нэпман
'What makes you think that you're a worker?' 'I must be - I'm not a capitalist. ' (б)Типичный кулачок по своей психологии, - заговорил Иван Николаевич,которому, очевидно, приспичило обличать Рюхина, - и притом кулачок,тщательно маскирующийся под пролетария. 'Psychologically, a typical little kulak,' Ivan Nikolaevich began, evidently from an irresistible urge to denounce Riukhin, 'and, what's more, a little kulak carefully disguising himself as a proletarianA typical кulak mentality,' said Ivan Nikolayich, who obviously felt a sudden urge to attack Ryukhin. ' And what's more he's a kulak masquerading as a proletarian
(в) И тут в комнату вошел какой-то гражданин Just then a stranger came into the room. And here some citizen entered the room 12. Выскажите свое мнение относительно обоснованности решений, которые принял переводчик в следующем случае:
The first French translation of the novel was by an Irishman by the name of William-Little Hughes…[] The analysis of Hughes’s translation shows that it is based on a project which is the absolute opposite of that of the original novel. The coherence of the translator’s project expresses itself in two different ways: on a transformational axis, and on an aesthetic axis. The transformational axis refers to two different types of changes – additions and omissions – and the aesthetic axis involves changes in the dialogues, the narration and the description. In the dialogues, the most obvious and significant addition in the translation is the way Jim addresses Huck Finn. Many times in the French text he calls him massa Huck, while never once in the original does Jim address Huck Finn as master Huck, mars Huck, Mister Huck, Misto Huck or Maussa Huck; on the contrary, he calls him chile and honey. In the translation, then, Jim is relegated to a subordinate role. He becomes a submissive character and is portrayed as a servant, who calls his master massa. In the original text, however, he represented a father figure for Huck Finn, being both authoritative and kind. In addition to the fact that Jim calls Huck massa Huck in the French version, he uses the formal form of address (the pronoun vous), whereas Huck uses the informal form tu to address Jim. It must be stated that the two forms of address, vous and tu, do not necessarily indicate dominant versus dominated types of relationships, but considering the global system of choices made by the translator, these forms of address are an explicit sign of social hierarchy. The same principle applies to the designation massa Huck used by Jim: such an expression is not necessarily used in mockery; its value depends on the other strategies that appear in the text. In Hughes’s translation, the forms of address and the expression massa Huck are similar to other choices which contribute to attributing to Jim a lower status and to ridiculing his character. (Judith Lavoie)
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