XI. Give English equivalents

отправить экспедицию, никто не знал, соединены перешейком, разделены проливом, оставались неопубликованными, важная морская держава, внешняя торговля, торговый флот, найти морские пути, дальневосточные территории России, ценные меха, судно под названием, плыть на север, открыли остров, противоположный берег пролива, расстояние между континентами, достаточное доказательство, достигнуть устья реки, встретить ледяные поля

XII. Translate into English

1. Пётр I решил отправить экспедицию к Тихому океану.

2. Первой задачей экспедиции было выяснить, соединяются Азия и Америка перешейком или нет.

3. Второй задачей было найти морские пути к Америке и Японии и начать торговать с ними.

4. Экспедиция отправилась в 1725 году под командованием Беринга и Чирикова.

5. Во время этой экспедиции погибло много людей.

6. Корабль Святой Гавриил отправился в Тихий океан.

7. В проливе Беринг открыл новый остров и назвал его остров Святого Лаврентия.

8. Чириков настаивал на продолжении экспедиции, пока они не встретят льдины Северного Ледовитого океана.

UNIT IV

The second Kamchatka expedition,

1732 – 1741

The first Kamchatka expedition seemed to confirm the opinion that Asia and America were separated bу а strait. But this was not yet fully proved, as Bering had turned back without either reaching the river Kolyma or seeing the coast of Alaska.

In 1732, it was decided to send а second expedition to the Pacific Ocean. This time two boats were to sail up to the coast of America and two others up to the coast of Japan.

At the same time it was decided to build new ships in Arkhangelsk, Tobolsk and Yakutsk. They were to sail to the Arctic Ocean in order to find out whether it was pos-sible to pass along its coast up to the strait separating Asia and America and enter the Pacific from the Arctic Ocean.

The second Kamchatka expedition, which included not only the party setting out from that peninsula, but likewise the parties exploring the northern coasts of the Arctic Ocean, went down in history as the Great Northern Expedition.

During the second expedition Petropavlovsk was founded. It was named after the ships Svyatoi Pyotr and Svyatoi Pavel, the first to enter the harbour of Petropavlovsk.

In June 1741, the Svyatoi Pyotr under the command of Bering and the Svyatoi Pavel under the command of Chirikov set out for the coast of America, captain Chirikov’s ship leading the way. The ships sailed in the north-east direction towards the coast of America, but soon they lost sight of each other in thick fog and continued their voyage independently.

On the 17^th of July, 1741, captain Bering’s ship came in sight of а big snow-capped mountain; very soon а big range of mountains camein view. In three days the ship came to the coast and anchored at а small island now called Kayak. The big mountain, which Bering named St. Elias, has one of the highest peaks in North America.

The Russian Seamen were the first Europeans to set foot on that soil. Many of the brave explorers lost their lives during the voyage, still more on the way back. They either perished from hunger and disease or were killed by the Indians when touching at the coast of America for food and water. Because of food shortage they were compelled to stay for the winter on one of the islands. Неrе Bering died on the 8^th of December, 1741. The island was named after the great explorer.

Meanwhile the ship under the command of Chirikov continued its way towards the coast of America. On the night of July 16^th, his crew sighted а mountainous coast and sailed along it, touching at а small island. Chirilov sent two parties of men ashore for provisions, but they never returned. Chirikov decided that they had been captured and most probably killed by the Indians. It was impossible for the ship to approach the coast, and there was not а single boat left to send out for а supply of drinking water. The seamen suffered greatly from thirst and hunger, and there was nо alternative but to turn back. In October, Chirikov’s ship re-entered the Petropavlovsk harbour.

In the spring of 1746, Captain Chirikov returned to St. Petersburg. Two years later he died.

Bering and Chirikov opened the way into the Pacific Ocean for Russian seamen. They discovered the chain of Aleutian Islands and founded the first Russian settlement in Alaska.

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