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There are different building materials. Read the words given below and find those which you associate with artificial building materials. (Try to give your reasons if possible)

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  11. Ex.2. Some words change their stress when they change their part of speech. Underline the stressed syllable in these words.
  12. Ex.2. The following words can be used in more than one way. Underline the correct part of speech for each word as it is used in the text.

Lime, wood, brick, cement, stone, steel, concrete, glass, gypsum, plastics

Read the text and find out if you were right or not. Be ready to do the exercises that follow it

 

Text 5 A

 

In the choice of materials for any work of construction, the civil engineer must be able to select and adapt such building materials that will give the most effective result by the most economical means, Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements. These requirements include availability, cost and physical properties of materials. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together.

All building materials are divided into three main groups:

1. Main building materials. They are used for bearing structures.

2. Cementing or binding materials. They are used for joining different planes.

3. Secondary and auxiliary materials. We used them for the interior finish of the buildings.

Buildings materials may also be classified into natural materials (sand, stone, lime, timber) and artificial materials (cement, concrete).

The most commonly used building materials are wood, stone, brick, steel and concrete. They all vary, sometimes over considerable ranges in the properties desired by the engineer.

Wood is the most ancient structural material. If is light, cheap, easy to work with and its mechanical properties are good. But it has serious disadvantages: it burns and decays.

Stone is also one of the oldest building materials used by man. Its main features are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation, fire-resistance. Stone is widely used for foundations, walls, for the supports of piers and for finishing and decorating all sorts of structures.

Bricks appeared many thousand years ago. They are hard and easily fastened together with the help of mortar. So a brick building is strong, durable and weather resistant.

The most important building materials many now be considered to structural steel and concrete. Mass concrete was employed by the Egyptians and the Romans. The use of steel reinforcement began in the 19-th century. We live and work in concrete structures, drink water which is brought to our houses through concrete pipes. Concrete may be considered an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone, cement, sand with water. This mass is hard and durable. Concrete is used largely for the foundations and walls of buildings, for structures under water.

Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. There are different kinds of steel. Alloyed steel (or special steel) is corrosion-resistant steel. This kind of steel is widely used in construction. Stainless steel is also-corrosion-resistant-steel. It is used for furnace parts, valves, ball - bearing, etc.

Glass and plastics are also widely used nowadays in the construction of different types of buildings. There are different types of glass: flat glass, ribbed glass, corrugated glass, etc. Plastic is a name for various organic derivatives of resin, cellulose and protein. Plastics combine all the fine characteristics. It is no wonder then the architects and engineer have turned to them to add beauty to modern houses.

Lime, gypsum and cement are the three materials most widely used in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units and as constituents of wall plaster.

 


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