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WEAK, BILABIAL, OCCLUSIVE, NOISE
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/ b /
▼ ▼
[ b < w ] [ b > w ]
bad dab
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is provided by the closure of the lips. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds may vibrate for all or part of the compression stage for / b /. The air escapes when the lip closure is released.
| be bed bell bet bean bead bad | lab dab ebb Lib bin - nib bat - tab bed – deb. |
DRILL 15
CONTRAST / p / - / b /
| tap – tab lip – Lib lap – lab nap – nab | laps – labs (pl.) naps – nabs (pl.) taps – tabs (pl.) lips – Libs (pl.) |
DRILL 16
BILABIAL, OCCLUSIVE, NASAL, SONANT*
/ m /
▼ ▼
[ m˅ ] [ m‾ ]
mill dim
seem limbs
The lips form a closure as for /p, b/; the soft palate is lowered, adding the resonance of the nasal cavity to those of the pharynx and the mouth chamber closed by the lips; the tongue will generally anticipate or retain the position of the adjacent vowel.
| men me mess meet mean mash mass mill miss meal | dim lamb beam seem lamp deem meat - team mass - Sam mid - dim mill - limb |
*All English sonants are weak, so this feature is omitted in their definitions.
DRILL 17
POLYSYLLABIC ORGANIZATION OF WORDS
| any easy pity ditty silly many | minute daddy lily busy zippy nanny |
DRILL 18
ALLOPHONIC MODIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH SONANTS
| ten – tens tell – tells inn – inns (pl.) pin – pins(pl.) bin – bins (pl.) | sins - since send - sent lend - lent tend - tent spilled - spilt |
DRILL 19
TENSE, BACK, OPEN, UNROUNDED
/ A /
▼ ▼
[ A‾ ] [ A˅ ]
bar tart
bard pass
barn lark
This vowel is articulated with a considerble separation of the jaws and the lips neutrally open; a part of the tongue between the centre and the back is in the fully open position and tense, no contact being made between the rims of the tongue and the upper molars.
| tar bar par lard pass barm art barn palm | last bard balm past are - art tar - tart bar - Bart par – part darn - dart |
DRILL 20
TENSE, BACK, MID-OPEN, ROUNDED
/ O /
▼ ▼
[ O‾ ] [ O˅ ]
pour port
pause sort
norm salt
This vowel is articulated with medium lip-rounding; the back of the tongue is raised between the half-open and half-close positions and tense, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars. / O / increasingly replaces earlier / ÁÙ@ / forms in the words spelt with ore, oor, oar, our (before, door, soar, four), though / ÁÙ@ / is retained both in concervative RP and in many regional dialects.
| law sore sought shore sauce pause short paw | port nor daunt lord dawn tall naught - naughty sought – sortie |
DRILL 21
LAX, BACK, OPEN, ROUNDED
/ Á /
▼ ▼
[ Á‾ ] [ Á˅ ]
dog dot
god don
This vowel is articulated with wide open jaws and slight, open lip-rounding; the back of the tongue is in the fully open position, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars.
| sod toss tom lot Bob | spot tolly solid tod - dot sod – doss |
DRILL 22
STRONG*, BACKLINGUAL, OCCLUSIVE, NOISE
/ k /
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ k1 ] [ k2 ] [ k3 ] [ k× ]
key kill sick ski
cry act
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is formed by a closure made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds are wide apart. The lip position will be conditioned by that of adjacent sounds, especially following vowels, e.g. spread lips for the plosives in keen, and somewhat rounded lips for the plosives in cool, quick. The air escapes with force upon the sudden separation of the lingua-velar closure.
| core car calm cast cask carp caught cash cod cat kiss kin kill can | park lark sock sick pack back nock skip scan skin scads ski skim score |
DRILL 23
CONTRAST [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
keep - kip - pick
keen - kin - Nick
keel - kill - lick
core - con - nock
*See page 25.
DRILL 24
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