 |
АвтоАвтоматизацияАрхитектураАстрономияАудитБиологияБухгалтерияВоенное делоГенетикаГеографияГеологияГосударствоДомДругоеЖурналистика и СМИИзобретательствоИностранные языкиИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКомпьютерыКулинарияКультураЛексикологияЛитератураЛогикаМаркетингМатематикаМашиностроениеМедицинаМенеджментМеталлы и СваркаМеханикаМузыкаНаселениеОбразованиеОхрана безопасности жизниОхрана ТрудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПриборостроениеПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРадиоРегилияСвязьСоциологияСпортСтандартизацияСтроительствоТехнологииТорговляТуризмФизикаФизиологияФилософияФинансыХимияХозяйствоЦеннообразованиеЧерчениеЭкологияЭконометрикаЭкономикаЭлектроникаЮриспунденкция
WEAK, BACKLINGUAL, OCCLUSIVE, NOISE
|
Читайте также: |
/ g /
▼ ▼
[ g<w ] [ g>w ]
gad dag
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is formed by a closure made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds may vibrate for all or part of the compression stage for / g / according to its situation in the utterance. The lip position will be conditioned by that of adjacent sounds, especially following vowels, e.g. spread lips for the plosives in geese, geezer and somewhat rounded lips for the plosive in goose, Guatemala. The air escapes upon the sudden separation of the lingua-velar closure.
The velar stop contact is particularly sensitive to the nature of an adjacent vowel. Thus, when a front vowel follows, e.g. / g / in geese, the contact will be made on the forward part of the soft palate. When a back vowel follows, e.g. gone, the contact on the soft palate will be retracted.
| get gone God geese guard gamp giddy noggin | big leg dog bog gab - bag God - dog got - tog guard - Dargue |
DRILL 25
CONTRAST / g / - / k /
| guard – card God – cod gap – cap cog – cock log – lock | bag - back gad - cad gone - con tig - tick lag - lack |
DRILL 26
CONTRAST / A / - / O / - / Á /
| tart – taught – tot stark – stork – stock card – cord – cod | larks – lawks – locks part – port - pot darn – dawn - don |
DRILL 27
STRONG, LABIO-DENTAL, CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE
/ f /
▼ ▼ ▼
[ ← f ] [ f → ] [ fβ ]
feel leaf a cupful
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper teeth, so that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back rounded vowel as in fool, roof, the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel in feel, leaf. The friction is voiceless.
| feed fast fan fall feast fill fawn flocks finish | deaf beef if calf stiff feel - leaf fed - deaf fit - stiff fox – scoff |
DRILL 28
WEAK, LABIO-DENTAL, CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE
/ v /
▼ ▼ ▼
[ v<w ] [ v>w ] [ vβ ]
veal leave obvious
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper teeth, so that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back rounded vowel as in voodoo, groove, the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel in veal, leave. There may be some vocal folds vibration accompanying / v / according to its position.
| van vamp vest vase valet | give sieve “v” - eve vast – starve villain - live |
DRILL 29
CONTRAST / v / - / f /
| vat – fat vast – fast “v” – fee van – fan vault – fault vend – fend | leave - leaf scarves - scarf carve - calf starve - staff give - gift elves - elf |
DRILL 30
LOSS OF PLOSION*
▼
[ {p×t ] [ eb×d ]
apt ebbed
It is a feature of English that in a cluster of two stops (plosives or plosive + affricate) either within a word or at word boundaries, the first plosive has no audible release. The closure for the second stops is made before the release of the first, forming a further obstacle to the air-stream.
| packed asked act picked tipped begged fogged legged bobbed | doggy - dogged leggy - legged bobby - bobbed picket - picked packet - packed ticket - ticked lobby - lobbed sippet - sipped floppy - flopped |
*See the rule on page 25, IV b.
DRILL 31
LATERAL PLOSION*
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ p×l□ ] [ t×l□ ] [ k×l□ ] [ b×l ] [ d×l ] [ g×l ]
The most frequent tongue contact for English / l / being alveolar, the sequences / t / or / d / + / l / are homorganic. / t / and / d / in such situations are normally released laterally, i.e. one or both sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the air to escape, the tongue-tip contact remaining. Such homorganic lateral release is to be distinguished from sequences of /p, b, k, g/ + / l /, e.g. in apple, bubble, tackle, glow. In these cases, the partial alveolar contact for / l / is made before or at the time of the release of the plosive, and in this sense, the escape of air is lateral.
| plaid plant plaque plash bleed black blah blast | clam clash class clap gleam gloss glance glen | little settle cattle battle saddle middle toddle oddly |
plan - bland class - glass
plead - bleed clean - glean
pleat - bleat clan - gland
clad - glad clip - glib
temple - temblor
petal - pedal
metal - meddle
DRILL 32
NASAL PLOSION*
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ t×n ] [ d×n ] [ k×n ] [ g×n ]
When a plosive is followed by a homorganic nasal consonant, either syllabic or initial in a following syllable, the release of air is normally effected not by a removal of the oral closure, which is retained, but by the escape of the compressed air through the nasal passage, opened by the lowering of the soft palate for the nasal consonant, e.g. topmost, submerge, cotton, sudden.
A different kind of nasal release occurs when the nasal sonant following a plosive is not homorganic, e.g. abnormal, ignore, cheap nuts, bad man. In these cases the plosive closure is not normally released until the articulatory movements for the nasal consonant, i.e. the second oral closure and the lowering of the soft palate, have been accomplished.
| pattern garden Agnes mitten cotton beaten kitten | fatten(v.) Eton didn’t leaden(a.) madden modern Eden |
DRILL 33
Поиск по сайту: