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PHARYNGEAL, CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE, VOICELESS
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/ h /
▼ ▼ ▼
[ h ] [ h♪ ] [ h× ]
hot behead Tell him.
This consonant occurs only in syllable initial, pre-vocalic positions. The air is expelled from the lungs with considerable pressure, causing some friction throughout the vocal tract, the upper part of which is shaped in readiness for the articulation of the following vowel.
A voiced allophone occurs medially between vowels, e.g. in such words as perhaps, behind, anyhow.
The loss of / h / is usually considered characteristic of uneducated speech, but certain form words, e.g. have, has, had, his, him, regularly lose / h / in RP in unaccented, non-initial situations in connected speech.
| hot hen head hit him horn hat | half habit hiss harp hard behest behead | behalf dehisce inhabit inhibit Kiss him. Kill him Tell him. |
DRILL 34
LAX, CENTRAL, MID-OPEN, UNROUNDED
/ ö /
[ ö‾ ] [ ö˅ ]
bud but
bun
This vowel is articulated with a considerable separation of the jaws and with the lips neutrally open; the centre of the tongue (or a part slightly in advance of centre) is raised just above the fully open position, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars.
| bug cud mud hut cup stuck plum pun nut gun but | done duck sudden dozen bun - bunny fun - funny luck - lucky dust - dusty love - lovely pulp - pulpy puff - puffy |
DRILL 35
CONTRAST / ö / - / A /
| bun – barn cud – card putt – part done – darn fuss – farce luck – lark luff – laugh bud – bard | cuff - calf cup - carp buck - bark bus - bask hush - harsh puck - park pus - pass bucket - basket |
DRILL 36
LAX, CENTRAL, MID-OPEN, UNROUNDED(“SCHWA”)
/ @ /
▼ ▼ ▼
[ @ ] [ @ ^ ] [ @ы ]
alas letter commit
This vowel has a very high frequency of occurrence in unaccented syllables. Its quality is that of a central vowel with neutral lip position, having in non-final positions a tongue-raising between half-open and half-close, e.g. in alone, a dog,, etc.
/ @ / in the first unaccented syllable of a word beginning with a consonant, e.g. in fatigue, support, acoustically resembles Russian unaccented vowel / ы /.
In final positions, e.g. in mother, over, picture, the vowel is articulated either in the half-open central position or in the most open region of the central area.
| attack allot again alas afford amend ahead a dog a sock a man | ladder banner letter manner better beggar butter leader fatter debtor | conduct(v). submit subtend support connect suspect commit gazette suspense susceptive |
ALSO: distance, custard, innocent, Italy, London, maximum
DRILL 37
TENSE, CENTRAL, MID-OPEN, UNROUNDED
/ Æ /
▼ ▼
[ Æ‾ ] [ Æ˅ ]
fir first
firs
fern
This vowel is articulated with the centre of the tongue raised between half-close and half-open and being rather tense, no firm contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars; the lips are neutrally spread. The quality is, therefore, remote from all peripheral Cardinal vowel values.
| turn nurse burn term burst | alert curse service curve assert | heard – hurt bird – Bert curd - curt purr - purse serve - serf |
DRILL 38
CONTRAST / O / - / Æ /
| all – earl call – curl paw – purr port – pert torse – terse | born - burn lawn - learn torn - turn four - fur cord - curd |
DRILL 39
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