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I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
Vowels
In describing vowel sounds, the positions of the lips, tongue and soft palate are especially taken into account. A system of classification should include, dut not confuse, all three factors.
| ί | as in | tea / tί / | eÙK | as in | game/ geÙKm / | ||
| K | as in | lit / lKt / | EÙ@ | as in | care/ kEÙ@ / | ||
| e | as in | pen / pen / | aÙK | as in | time/ taÙKm / | ||
| { | as in | bad / b{d / | aÙU | as in | town/ taÙUn / | ||
| ö | as in | cup/ köp / | @ÙU | as in | rose/ r@ÙUz / | ||
| Æ | as in | girl/ gÆl / | UÙ@ | as in | cure/ kjUÙ@ / | ||
| @ | as in | again/ @'gen / | ÁÙK | as in | toy/ tÁÙK / | ||
| u | as in | shoe/ Su / | ÁÙ@ | as in | core */ kÁÙ@ / | ||
| U | as in | book/ bUk / | eKÙ@ | as in | prayer /preÙKə/ | ||
| O | as in | law/ lO / | aKÙ@ | as in | fire/ faÙKə/ | ||
| Á | as in | log/ lÁg / | aUÙ@ | as in | hour/ aÙU@ / | ||
| A | as in | car/ kA / | @ÙU@ | as in | Boer/ b@ÙU@ / | ||
| KÙ@ | as in | ear/ KÙ@ / | ÁKÙ@ | as in | coir/ kÁKÙ@ / |
* a “dying” diphthong, used for distinguishing words by few people in the south of England * See page 17.
Consonants
| p | as in | paw / pO / | f | as in | fee / fί / | ||
| b | as in | bee / bί / | v | as in | vow / vaÙU / | ||
| t | as in | tower / taUÙ@ / | T | as in | thaw / TO / | ||
| d | as in | dear / dKÙ@ / | D | as in | though / D@ÙU / | ||
| k | as in | key / kί / | s | as in | sea / sί / | ||
| g | as in | go / g@ÙU / | z | as in | zoo / zu / | ||
| ¶ | as in | chair / ¶EÙ@ / | S | as in | she / Sί/ | ||
| dZ | as in | jaw / dZO / | Z | as in | rouge / ruZ / | ||
| m | as in | may / meÙK / | w | as in | war / wO / | ||
| n | as in | no / n@ÙU / | l | as in | lie / laÙK / | ||
| Î | as in | sing / sıÎ / | j | as in | your / jO / | ||
| h | as in | who / hu / | r | as in | rye / raÙK / |
I.11 Allophonic signs
The symbolization of an utterance analyzed in terms of a linear sequence of sounds, will naturally differ according to whether the aim is to indicate detailed sound values – an allophonic (or ‘narrow’) transcription – or the sequence of significant functional elements – a phonemic (or ‘broad’) transcription.
| SIGN | MARKING | AS IN | ||
| v | a short duration of a sound | sit [ sĭt ] | ||
| _ | a long duration of a sound | leg[ lēg ] | ||
| ~ | velarization of a consonant | dill[ dKł ] | ||
| <w | a smaller weakness of a consonant | doom [ d<wum ] | ||
| >w | a larger weakness of a consonant | mood[ mud>w ] | ||
| → | a stronger and longer constrictive | miss[ mKs→] | ||
| ← | a less strong constrictive | seem[←sίm ] | ||
| o | labialization of a consonant | sweet[ sоwίt ] | ||
| □ | devoicing of a sonant | clear[ kl□K@ ] | ||
| × | suppressing a consonant | act[ {k×t ] | ||
| ω | dental articulation of a consonant | month[ mönώT ] | ||
| 1,2,3,4 | degrees of aspiration of pure plosives | key[k1ί],top[t2Áp ] | ||
| β | a bilabial cluster | comfort ['kömf β@t ] | ||
| ↑ | a more open vowel | well [ we↑l ] | ||
| ’ | the absence of a dark /l/ character | will you[ 'wKl’ju ] | ||
| ö | ö-shaped variant of / @ / | better ['bet@^] | ||
| ы | ы-shaped variant of / @ / | suppose[s@ы'p@ÙUz] | ||
| 1f | One-flapped oral sonant | three[ Tr1fί ] | ||
| ♪ | a voiced character of /h/ | behead[ bK'h♪ed ] | ||
II. PHONETIC DRILLS
LAX, FRONT, CLOSED, UNROUNDED
/ K /
▼ ▼
[ ī ] [ ĭ ]
kid lick pin
It is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to center than to front, raised just above the half-close position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax, with the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars.
WEAK, FORELINGUAL (alveolar), OCCLUSIVE, NOISE
/ d /
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ d><w ] [ d>w ] [ dω ] [ do ]
dill lid width dwell
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