Употребление залога

Страдательный залог употребляется:

1. Когда факт или предметдействия представляет больший интерес, чемсамо действующее лицо.

My window was broken yesterday. Мое окно было вчера разбито.

(Для меня важнее, что окно было

разбито,чем то, кто его разбил)

This school was built in a short Эта школа была построена за

time. короткий срок. (Кем была построена

школа, нас не интересует. Главное –

она была построена быстро)

2. Когда действующее лицо неизвестно или по каким-либо причинам считают ненужным его упоминать.

My case-was stolen Мой чемодан украли. (Главное – факт кражи. Кто украл – неизвестно)

Business letters are written on Деловые письмапишутся на

special forms. специальных бланках.

1. Compare the meaning of the following sentences.

1. a) I was told you are leaving for another job.

b) Somebody told me you are leaving for another job.

c) Carol told me you are leaving for another job.

2. a) An increase in membership fees was suggested.

b) I suggested an increase in membership fees.

c) Somebody suggested an increase in membership fees.

3. a) The port was blockaded by French lorry drivers.

b) The port was blockaded.

c) They blockaded the port.

4. a) The government have put up taxes again.

b) They've put up taxes again.

c) Taxes have been put up again.

2. Rewrite the sentences in the passive, omitting the words in brackets.

1. (Everyone) knows this fact very well.

2. (They) opened the theatre only last month.

3. (People) will soon forget it.

4. (You) must write the answers in ink.

5. (Someone) has taken two of my books.

6. (We) have already filled the vacancy.

7. What should (one) do in such cases?

8. Did (they) say anything interesting?

9. Did (no one) ever make the situation clear to you?

10. (One) should keep milk in a refrigerator.

11. I don't think (anyone) can do it.

12. (They) would undoubtedly have killed him if he hadn't promised to cooperate.

13. (You) must finish the work by seven o'clock.

14. (They) are now manufacturing this type of computer in many European countries.

15. (No one) could possibly have known the secret.

16. Has (someone) made all the necessary arrangements?

17. Fortunately, (no one) had said anything about it.

18. ( We ) will execute all orders promptly.

19. (The police) kept the man in custody.

20. Does (someone) clean all the rooms regularly?

3. Make the sentences passive. Use by if necessary to mention the agent.

4. Translate into English.

1. Наша школа построена в прошлом году. 2. Около школы было посажено много цветов и деревьев. 3. В этом году было куплено много компьютеров и телевизоров для школы. 4. В будущем году будет построен большой плаватель­ный бассейн. 5. В сентябре все получат новые учебники.

5. Make the sentences active.

1. The children were carefully examined by the doctor.

2. The pupils will be given out prizes by the headmaster.

3. Many tasty things will be made by Mother for our party.

4. She is being told a wonderful story by her Granny.

5. Yesterday my tape-recorder was repaired by my friend.

6. This rule has already been explained by our teacher.

7. The test had been written by the pupils before the bell rang.

8. Many folk-songs were used by Russian composers in composing music.

9. Look, trees are being planed by the children in our yard.

6. Choose the best continuation for the following sentences.

1. He lives in a small house. a. Somebody built it about forty years ago.

b. It was built about forty years ago.

2. English is worth learning. a. People speak it in a lot of countries.

b. It is spoken in a lot of countries.

3. He got a sports car, but he didn't like it. a. So he sold it again.

b. So it was sold again.

4. My nephew is an artist. a. He has just painted another picture.

b. Another picture has just been painted by him.

5. The new Virginia Meyer film is marvellous a. They are showing it at our local cinema. b. It is being shown at our local cinema.

7. Choose the best variant to make a logically connected text.

1. a. HOW BOOKS ARE MADE.

b. HOW PEOPLE MAKE BOOKS.

2. a. First of all, the printers print big sheets of paper.

b. First of all, big sheets of paper are printed.

3. a. Each sheet contains the text of a number of pages (e.g. 32).

b. The text of a number of pages (e.g. 32) is contained in each sheet.

4. a. People fold and cut the sheets to produce sections of the book.

b. The sheets are folded and cut to produce sections of the book.

5. a.These sections are called signatures. b. We call these sections signatures.

6. a. The printers put all the signatures together in the correct order.

b. All the signatures are put together in the correct order.

7. a. Then they are bound together and their edges are trimmed.

b. Then they bind the signatures together and trim the edges.

8. a. Finally, the cover - which has been printed separately - is attached.

b. Finally, they attach the cover - which they have printed separately.

9. a. Now the publishers can publish the book. b. Now the book can be published.

8. Make up passive sentences, using the following words.

Leonardo da Vinci sing the telephone

Christopher Columbus paint the Mona Lisa

Alexander Graham Bell invent Born in the USA

Tolstoy write America

Bruce Springsteen discover War and Peace

9. Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

1. Food prices a) ______ have been increased.

2. The metal b) ______ was opened by a pop star.

3. The centre of the old town c) ______ are all manufactured in

4. Singapore.

5. The video recorders d) ______ should be heated up to a high

6. temperature.

7. The other candidate e) ______ must have been interviewed

8. earlier in the morning.

9. The new supermarket f) ______ is being rebuilt.

ЗАМЕТЬТЕ:

Глаголы с двумя дополнениями могут образовывать страдательные конструкции двумя способами

Мы выбираем ту конструкцию, которая лучше подходит к данной ситуации.

Предпочтительна структура с одушевленным существительным в роли подлежащего.

10. Change the structure.

1. Nothing was sent to me. I was sent nothing.

2. Papers were brought to us to sign.

3. A clock was given to Henry when he retired.

4. Stories were read to the children.

5. £5,000 is owed to me.

6. A new job has been offered to me.

7. French is taught to us by Mrs Lee.

8. A car has been lent to me for the week.

9. A full explanation was promised to us.

10. A lot of lies were told tome by the secretary.

11. Complete the text with expressions from the box.

I'll never forget my first day at that office. I 1 to arrive at 8.30, but when I got there the whole place seemed to be empty. I didn't know what to do, because I 2 no information about the building or where I was going to work, so I just waited around until some of the secretaries began to turn up. Finally I 3 a dirty little office on the fifth floor, where I 4 a desk in a corner. Nothing happened for an hour; then I 5 some letters to type on a computer by one of the senior secretaries. This wasn't very successful, because I 6 how to use a computer. (In the letter I 7 when I 8 the job, I 9 computer training, but they'd obviously forgotten about this.) By lunchtime things hadn't got any better, and I decided that I 10 enough to put up with this nonsense, so I walked out and didn't go back.

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