Теория микроэкономики и макроэкономики

Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the subject. For example, there are

специалист по экономике труда, специалист по экономике электроэнергии, специалист по монетарной экономике, и специалист по мировой экономике. What distinguishes these economists is the segment of economic life in which they are interested. Labour economics deals with problems of the labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and society as a whole. Urban economics deals with city problems: land use, transport, перенаселенность, and housing. However, we need not classify branches of economics according to the area of economic life in which we ask the standard questions what, how and for whom. We can also classify branches of economics according to the approach or methodology that is used. The very broad division of approaches into microeconomic and macroeconomic не соответствовать the large number of subject groupings citied above.

Микроэкономика analysis offers a детальный, подробный анализ individual decisions about particular commodities.

For example,we might study why отдельное домашнее хозяйство prefer cars to bicycles and how producers decide whether to produce cars or bicycles. We can then (собирать в одно целое или совокупность, в совокупности, совокупный) the behaviour of all households and all firms to discuss total car production. Within a market economy we can discuss the market for cars. Comparing this with the market for bicycles, we may be able to explain относительный объем производства of these two goods. The sophisticated branch of microeconomics known as теория общего равновесия extends this approach to its logical conclusion. It одновременно изучать every market for every commodity. From this it is hoped that we can understand полная структура, система и схема of consumption, production,and exchange in the whole economy at a point in time.

If you think this sounds very complicated you are correct. It is. For many purposes, the analysis becomes so complicated that we tend потерять след явлений in which we were interested. The interesting task for economics, a task that retains an element of art in economic science, is выработать разумные упрощения, позволять проводить анализ without искажать реальность too much. It is here that microeconomists and macroeconomists proceed down different avenues.

Microeconomists tend to offer a derailed treatment of one aspect of economic behaviour, but ignore interactions with the rest of the economy in order сохранить простоту анализа. A

microeconomic analysis of miners wages would emphasize the characteristics of miners and the ability of mine owners to pay. It would largely пренебрегать косвенным воздействием, совокупностью (цепочкой) косвенных результатов, эффектов to which a rise in miners wages might give rise. For example, car workers might use the precedent of the miners pay increase получить более высокую зар плату in the car industry, thus being able to afford larger houses, which burned more coal in heating systems. When microeconomic analysis ignores such воздействие вызванное косвенными причинами it is said to be частичный, неполный анализ.

In some instances, indirect effects may not be too important and it will make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities. In other circumstances, the indirect effect are too important to (be прятать, маскировать, замести под ковер) and an alternative simplification must be found.

Macroeconomics emphasizes the interactions in the economy as a whole. It (deliberately simplifies – намеренно у прощать) the individual building blocks of the analysis in order сохранить возможность анализа (выполнимый, поддающийся выполнению анализ) of the complete interaction of the economy.

For example, macroeconomists typically do not worry about классификация (подразделение) товаров потребления into cars, bicycles, televisions, and calculators. They prefer to treat them ill as отдельная единица called “ consumer goods” because they are more interested in studying the interaction between households purchases of consumer goods and firms decision about purchases of machinery and buildings.

Поиск по сайту: