 |
АвтоАвтоматизацияАрхитектураАстрономияАудитБиологияБухгалтерияВоенное делоГенетикаГеографияГеологияГосударствоДомДругоеЖурналистика и СМИИзобретательствоИностранные языкиИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКомпьютерыКулинарияКультураЛексикологияЛитератураЛогикаМаркетингМатематикаМашиностроениеМедицинаМенеджментМеталлы и СваркаМеханикаМузыкаНаселениеОбразованиеОхрана безопасности жизниОхрана ТрудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПриборостроениеПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРадиоРегилияСвязьСоциологияСпортСтандартизацияСтроительствоТехнологииТорговляТуризмФизикаФизиологияФилософияФинансыХимияХозяйствоЦеннообразованиеЧерчениеЭкологияЭконометрикаЭкономикаЭлектроникаЮриспунденкция
Echoic words, or onomatopoeia)
|
Читайте также: |
Creation of echoic, or onomatopoeic words, sounding like the thing they represent, for example, tick-took for 'the sound of a clock', is believed to be originally the first means of word-formation in language.
English is not as rich in the use of onomatopoeic words, as, for example, Japanese or Chinese. Nevertheless, in English there are many sets of onomatopoeic words whose constituent segments have a specific meaning. Examples of such sets are:
glace, glade, glamour, glance, glare, glass, gleam, glimmer, glimpse, glister, gloss,and glow - nouns or verbs involving something 'eye-catching' because of emission, reflection, or passage of light;
flack, flag flame, flap, flare, flash, flee, flick, fluent, flood, flourish, flow, flush, and fly — mostly verbs that denote a sudden or violent movement;
bumble, grumble, humble, mumble, rumble, stumble, tumble — mostly verbs signifying 'dull, heavy, untidy action'.
The question remains whether these words are monoradical units or whether their recurrent segments should be regarded as specific morphemes.
9. Reduplication]
Reduplication — repetition of roots or syllables in immediate succession — is one of the oldest types of word-formation (cf. in Russian uien-uien, jtcujiu-6buiu).
Though reduplication in English is widespread (boo-boo, bye-bye, gee- gee, hush-hush, night-night). The meaning of the words derived in such a way is diverse and unpredictable, as it is in many languages, but usually reduplication is used to denote quantity, intensity or priority.
10. |JLexicalization of grammatical forms]
The transformation of a grammatical form of a word into an individual lexeme with its own lexical meaning (the colours 'the official flag of the country', customs 'a place where traveller's belongings are searched when leaving or entering a country', pictures 'the cinema', and arms 'weapon') is often referred to as lexicalization (cf. two other interpretations of the term 'lexicalization' discussed in Chapter 2).
|ll. Compression!
Compression is a way of forming holophrastic compound constructions by putting together a word combination or a sentence: man-at-arms, mother-of-pearl, free-for-all, stay-at-home, a take-it-away-it-stinks gesture.
12. Analogical word-formation!
The process of analogical word-formation takes place when a certain element of a morphological structure of a word, like a root, bound, unique or pseudo-morpheme, changes into a regular two-faceted morpheme: hamburger — cheeseburger — ftshburger; England — Disneyland — acqualand; kleptomania — nymphomania — acronymania; geography — biography —alibiography; Watergate — Irangate — zippergate — sexgate.
13. Reinterpretation of sound and morphemic structure of words]
Reinterpretation of sound and morphemic structure of words is the basis of folk etymology leading to the appearance of a new word with a different phonemic and morphemic structure (OE a nadder —» ModE an adder; OE a napron —» ModE an apron, OE brydguma 'the man of a bride' —> ModE bride-groom).
It is also the basis of new, usually nonce words, created for specific purposes to produce certain stylistic effects: penicillin — pennycillin; sunrise — son-rise; hide-and-seek — hide and sick; female —fee-male. An example of literary reinterpretation is presented in the poem Women by Bombaugh (see /Hyxos 1997: 145/):
When Eve brought woe to all mankind,
Old Adam called her wo-man;
But when she woo'd with love so kind,
He then pronounced her woo-man. But now
with folly and with pride, Their
husbands' pockets trimming, The ladies
are so full of whims, The people call
them whim-men.
14. Word manufacturing]
Usually words are not created out of thin air. Even the non-patterned coinage in the 17th century of the word gas by Jan Baptista van Helmont may be traced to Greek chaos. An example of the invention of a complete new morph is Kodak, which is the brainchild of the 20th century inventor George Eastman, who felt that К is a commanding sound.
Поиск по сайту: